Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > The Skeletal System: Bones > Flashcards

The Skeletal System: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system contain?

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system.

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals and lipids
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage/movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify the six broad categories for classifying a bone according to shape.

A
  1. Sutural Bones
  2. Irregular Bones
  3. Short Bones
  4. Long Bones
  5. Flat Bones
  6. Sesamoid Bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the four types of bone cells.

A
  1. Osteocyte
  2. Osteoblast
  3. Osteoclast
  4. (Osteoprogenitor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the role of osteocytes.

A

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. They sense bone strain and damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the role of osteoblasts.

A

Osteoblasts produce new bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the role of osteoclasts.

A

Osteoclasts remove and recycle bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs in yellow bone marrow?

A

Energy reserves are stored as lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs in red bone marrow?

A

Red blood cells and white blood cells are produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

Sutural Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

Irregular Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

Short Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

Long Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

Flat Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

Sesamoid Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The tubular shaft in the bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The end of the bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

The Growth Plate - it is only present until growth stops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Central cavity of the bone shaft where red (children) or yellow (limb bones & skull in adults) bone marrow is stored.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Solid bone that forms a protective layer around the medullary cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Otherwise known as spongy bone, it consists of an open network of struts and plates that resemble latticework.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

The smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.

24
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

25
Q

What are the Haversian (central) canals of a compact bone?

A

A series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them.

26
Q

What are lamellae?

A

A thin scale, plate, or layer of bone or tissue.

27
Q

What is Volkmann’s Canal?

A

Any of the various canals in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone.

28
Q

Bone is a composite material with two phases. Name the two phases.

A

Organic (collagen type 1 etc) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite-like mineral).

29
Q

What happens if mineral is removed from bone?

A

The bone becomes too bendable.

30
Q

What happens if collagen is removed from the bone?

A

The bone becomes too brittle.

31
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Bone where the collagen fibers are randomly oriented. Formed during fetal development and during fracture repair.

32
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

Mature bone in sheets called lamellae. Fibers are oriented in one direction in each layer but in different directions in different layers for strength.

33
Q

What is remodeling?

A

Removing old bone and adding new. That is, where woven bone is remodeled into lamellar bone.

34
Q

Describe the process of calcium entering and leaving the bone.

A

Calcium enters bone when osteoblasts create new bone and leaves the bone when osteoclasts break down bone.

35
Q

Name the two hormones that control blood calcium levels.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.

36
Q

Describe the role of the parathyroid hormone (PTH).

A

PTH promotes the release of calcium into the blood stream by osteoclasts. This decreases the amount of calcium in the bone. PTH also promotes the reabsorption of calcium from urine.

37
Q

Describe the role of Calcitonin.

A

Calcitonin inhibits the release of calcium in the blood by osteoclasts. This increases the amount of calcium in the bone.

38
Q

What does the amount of bone resorption depend on?

A

The balance of RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin (OPG).

39
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bone in a healthy person will adapt to changes in the loads under which it’s placed.

  1. Decreasing strain results in thinning of cortical bone and loss of trabecular bone. This increases fragility.
  2. Increasing strain results in thickening of cortical and trabecular bones. This increases bone strength.
40
Q

Name the two types of ossification and where they take place.

A

Intramembranous ossifcation - takes place in connective tissue membrane.

Endochondral ossification - takes place via cartilage intermediate template.

41
Q

Identify three factors affecting bone growth.

A

Genetics.

Nutrition.

Hormones.

42
Q

Name the four steps involved in bone repair.

A
  1. Hematoma formation.
  2. Callus formation.
  3. Callus ossification.
  4. Bone remodelling.
43
Q

Describe an open (compound) fracture.

A

Bone break with open wound. Bone may be sticking out of wound.

44
Q

Describe a closed (simple) fracture.

A

Skin not perforated.

45
Q

Describe the difference between a complete and an incomplete fracture.

A

Complete fracture = extends across bone.

Incomplete fracture = doesn’t extend across bone.

46
Q

Describe a greenstick fracture.

A

Incomplete fracture that occurs on the convex side of the curve of a bone.

47
Q

Describe a hairline fracture.

A

Incomplete where two sections of bone do no separate. Common in skull fractures.

48
Q

Describe a comminuted fracture.

A

Complete with break into more than two pieces.

49
Q

Describe an impacted fracture.

A

One fragment is driven into the cancellous porton of the other fragment.

50
Q

What is a critical size defect?

A

When the gap between sections of bone after a fracture is too big to be filled by natural repair. If untreated will lead to a non-union.

51
Q

At what age does the density of bone mass start to diminish?

A

30 for men and women.

52
Q

When does the rate of bone loss increase by 10 fold for women?

A

After menopause.

53
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

54
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

In osteoarthritis, cartilage breaks down, causing pain and stiffness in the joint.

55
Q

Describe some effects of aging on the skeletal system.

A
  • Bone density decreases
  • Bone loses calcium and other minerals
  • Posture can become hunched over as the spinal vertebrae and the discs between them become thinner and more compressed (Dowagers Hump)
  • Bones are more brittle and hence fracture more often

Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions