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Anatomy & Physiology > The Skeletal System: Joints > Flashcards

The Skeletal System: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is an articulation?

A

The point where two bones connect, where body movement occurs.

Fancy word for joint.

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2
Q

What does joint structure determine?

A

Direction and distance of movement (range of motion).

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3
Q

When does joint strength decrease?

A

As mobility increases. It is much easier to damage a joint that has a larger range of motion, than one that is more restricted. Shoulder joint has the largest range of motion and thus is the easiest to damage.

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4
Q

What are the four types of structural classifications of joints?

A
  1. Bony
  2. Fibrous (small amount of movement)
  3. Cartilaginous (made of solid cartilage)
  4. Synovial (allows movement of bones with very little friction - no friction = less energy wasted).
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5
Q

Name two types of synarthrosis fibrous joint.

A

Suture and Gomphosis.

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6
Q

Name and describe the three types of joints as classified by their degree of movement.

A
  1. Synarthrosis (no movement)
  2. Amphiarthrosis (little movement)
  3. Diarthrosis (free movement)
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7
Q

What is a suture?

A

A synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bone are interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue.

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8
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

A synarthrosis that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament.

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9
Q

Name one type of synarthrosis cartilaginous joint.

A

Synchondrosis.

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10
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

A rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. The cartilaginous connection between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and the sternum is a synchondrosis. Another example is the epiphyseal cartilage, wihch connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis in a growing long bone.

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11
Q

What is a synostosis?

A

A totally rigid, immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears. The coronal suture of the frontal bone and the epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are synostoses.

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12
Q

Name and describe one type of amphiarthrosis fibrous joint.

A

At a syndesmosis, bones are connected by a ligament. One example is the distal articulation between the tibia and the fibula.

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13
Q

Name and describe one type of amphiarthrosis cartilaginous joint.

A

At a symphysis, the articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of the fibrocartilage. The articulation between the two pubic bones is an example of a symphysis (this joint softens when women are pregnant to allow more movement).

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14
Q

Name and describe one type of diarthrosis joint.

A

Synovial joints permit a wider range of motion than other types of joints. They are typically located at the end of long bonesm such as those of the upper and lower limbs.

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15
Q

Name and describe the three types of synovial joint.

A
  1. Monaxial - movement in one plane (elbow, ankle).
  2. Biaxial - movement in two planes (ribs, wrist).
  3. Triaxial - movement in three planes (shoulder, hip).
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16
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Pad articulating within articular capsules. It prevents bones from touching. Consists of:

  • Superficial zone
  • Middle zone
  • Deep zone
  • Mineralised cartilage
  • Subchondral bone
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17
Q

What does cartilage consist of?

A

Collagen Type II matrix with high proteoglycan content, which consists of a protein core with sugar chain molecules attached. The sugar is hydrophilic (water attracting) which helps with shock absorption and allows for low friction.

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18
Q

What is synovial fluid? Name three functions.

A

Fluid that contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts. It fills the gap between two beds of cartilage.

  1. Lubrication
  2. Nutrient distribution
  3. Shock absorption
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19
Q

Name 5 accessory structures to synovial joints.

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Fat pads
  3. Ligaments
  4. Tendons
  5. Bursae
20
Q

Describe the role of fat pads.

A

To protect articular cartilages, they are superficial to the joint capsule.

21
Q

Describe the difference between ligaments and tendons.

A

Ligaments = bone to bone. They support and strengthen joints.

Tendons = muscle to bone. Help support joint by attaching to neighbouring muscles.

22
Q

What is bursae?

A

Pockets of synovial fluid that cushions areas where ligaments or tendons rub. It also provides nutritional fluid for the cartilage.

23
Q

Name four factors that stabilise synovial joints.

A
  1. Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)
  2. Articulating surfaces and menisci
  3. Other bones, muscles or fat pads
  4. Tendons of articulating bones
24
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints classified by shape.

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condylar
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and socket
25
Q

Describe the movement of a gliding joint and give 4 examples.

A

Slight non-axial or multiaxial.

  1. Acromioclavicular joints
  2. Intercarpal joints
  3. Vertebrocostal joints
  4. Sacro-iliac joints
26
Q

Describe the movement of a hinge joint and give 4 examples.

A

Monaxial movement.

  1. Elbow
  2. Knee
  3. Ankle
  4. Interphalangeal
27
Q

Describe the movement of a pivot joint and give 2 examples.

A

Monaxial (rotation) movement.

  1. Atlanto-axial joint.
  2. Proximal radio-ulnar joint.
28
Q

Describe the movement of a condylar joint and give 3 examples.

A

Biaxial movement.

  1. Radiocarpal joint
  2. Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
  3. Metatarsophalangeal joints
29
Q

Describe the movement of a saddle joint and give 1 example.

A

Biaxial movement.

  1. First carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
30
Q

Describe the movement of a ball and socket joint and give 2 examples.

A

Triaxial movement.

  1. Shoulder
  2. Hip
31
Q

What can a joint not be?

A

Both mobile and strong. The greater the mobility the weaker the joint. Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone to bone connection.

32
Q

Name the two types of joints found at intervertebral articulations.

A

Gliding joints - at inferior and superior articular processes.

Symphyseal joints - between adjacent vertebral bodies.

33
Q

Describe interverebral discs.

A

They are pads of fibrocartilage that separate vertebral bodies. Made of

  1. Anulus fibrosus (tough outer layer which attaches disc to vertebrae).
  2. Nucleus pulposus (elastic, gelatious core that absorbs shock).
34
Q

Describe vertebral joints.

A

They are also called symphyseal joints. As the vertebral column moves, the nucleus pulposus shifts and the disc shape conforms to motion.

35
Q

Describe the role of intervertebral ligaments.

A

They bind the vertebrae together and stablisise the vertebral column.

36
Q

Name and describe two ways to damage intervertebral discs.

A
  1. Slipped disc - which is a bulge in the anulus fibrosus which invades the vertebral canal.
  2. Herniated disc - nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus and presses on the spinal cord or nerves.
37
Q

Describe the shoulder joint.

A

It is also called the glenohumeral joint as it is located between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It is a ball and socket diarthrosis joint that allows more motion than any other joint and is thus the least stable.

38
Q

Describe the elbow joint.

A

A stable hinge joint with articulations involving the humerus, radius and ulna.

39
Q

Describe the supporting structures of the elbow.

A
  1. Biceps brachii muscle (attached to radial tuberosity that controls elbow motion).
  2. Elbow ligaments (radial collateral, annular, ulnar collateral).
40
Q

Describe the hip joint.

A

Also called the coxal joint, it is a strong ball and socket diarthrosis with a wide range of motion. The head of the femur fits into the socket of the acetabulum, which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum.

41
Q

Describe the knee joint.

A

A complicated hinge joint that transfers weight from the femur to the tibia. The articulations of the knee joint involve two femur-tibia articulations and one between the patella and patellar surface of the femur.

42
Q

Name the 7 major supporting ligaments in the knee.

A
  1. Patellar ligament
  2. Popliteal ligament
  3. Popliteal ligament
  4. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  5. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  6. Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
  7. Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
43
Q

Name two effects of aging on joints.

A

Rheumatism and arthritis.

44
Q

What is rheumatism?

A

A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems.

45
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Chronic rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints.

  1. Osteoarthritis - caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation.
  2. Rheumatoid Arthritis - inflammatory condition that is caused by infection, allergy or autoimmune disease.
  3. Gouty arthritis - occurs when crystals form within synovial fluid due to metabolic disorders.

Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

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