The Skeleton

Question 1

What do ligaments do?

Answer 1

Create stability
Attach bones to other bones

Question 2

What do tendons do?

Answer 2

Attach bones to muscles

Question 3

What is cartilage?

Answer 3

Dense fibrous tissue

Question 4

What is cartilage useful for/what does it do?

Answer 4

Withstands compression forces
Absorbs shock
Reduces friction at joints
(Often covers the end of bones)

Question 5

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 5

Attachment and movement
Shape
Storage
Protection
Production

Question 6

Describe how attachment and movement works with the skeleton

Answer 6

Muscles attach to bones, via the tendons, and pull on them to create movement & act as levers for locomotion

Question 7

Describe how storage works with the skeleton

Answer 7

Stores vital minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which support growth and development

Question 8

Describe how the skeleton “protects”

Answer 8

The skeleton protects vital organs such as the skull protecting the brain, the ribcage protecting the heart and lungs

Question 9

Describe the production aspect of the skeleton

Answer 9

Red marrow within some bones is where red and white blood cells are produced from

Question 10

Name the three bones that make up the hip complex

Answer 10

Ilium (hip bone)
Pubis (pubic bone)
Ischium (itchy bum bone)

Question 11

What are the two categories of the skeleton?

Answer 11

Axial
Appendicular

Question 12

Which part of the body is the axial skeleton?

Answer 12

The central column
It has 80 bones
Lies on the midline
Includes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

Question 13

Which part of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 13

The limbs
126 bones
Includes bones of the shoulder girdle inc arms and hands, and of the pelvic girdle, legs and feet.

Question 14

How many vertebrae make up the spine?

Answer 14

33

Question 15

Name the 5 sections of the spine, top to bottom

Answer 15

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

Question 16

Name the sections of the spine with semi moveable joints

Answer 16

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

Question 17

Name the sections of the spine with fused, immovable joints

Answer 17

Sacral
Coccygeal

Question 18

What does the spine hold/protect?

Answer 18

The spinal chord

Question 19

How many vertebrae make up the cervical spine?

Answer 19

7

Question 20

What is the name of the very top vertebrae of the cervical spine?

Answer 20

Atlas

Question 21

How many vertebrae make up the thoracic spine?

Answer 21

12

Question 22

How many vertebrae make up the lumbar spine?

Answer 22

5

Question 23

How many vertebrae make up the sacral spine?

Answer 23

5 (fused vertebrae)

Question 24

How many vertebrae make up the coccygeal spine?

Answer 24

4 (fused)

Question 25

Which part of the spine supports the most bodyweight?

Answer 25

The lumbar spine

Question 26

Name the types of movement possible with the spine

Answer 26

Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation

Question 27

Which part of the spine has the most movement?

Answer 27

The top

Question 28

Name the parts of the spine with a forward curve

Answer 28

Cervical Lumbar

Question 29

Name the parts of the spine with a backwards curve

Answer 29

Thoracic Sacral

Question 30

What is the purpose of having a curved spine?

Answer 30

To centre the head above the body and make walking and maintaining an upright position easy

Question 31

Name the marker points of optimal posture, which you could draw a line through

Answer 31

Axis of the shoulder Greater trochanter Slightly anterior to the knee Slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus

Question 32

What is the greater trochanter

Answer 32

Top of the thigh (femur) and is the most prominent and widest part of the hip

Question 33

What is the lateral malleolus?

Answer 33

The prominent bone on the outer side of the ankle at the end of the fibula.

Question 34

What is the definition of hyperlordosis?

Answer 34

Extreme curvature of the lumbar spine

Question 35

What are the muscular characteristics of hyperlordosis?

Answer 35

-Tight lower back muscles -Weak core muscles at the front (six-pack)

Question 36

What issues would hyperlordosis cause? (Pelvic tilt angle, muscles, spinal curve)

Answer 36

Anterior pelvic tilt Lengthened rectus abdominis Gluteus maximus is weak or inactive Tight hamstrings Short hip flexor Increased lumbar curve Short erector spinae

Question 37

How would you support hyperlordosis?

Answer 37

Increasing mobility and flexibility within back muscles and increasing front core muscles

Question 38

What is hyperkyphosis?

Answer 38

Extreme curvature of the cervical and thoracic spine

Question 39

What are the muscular characteristics of hyperkyphosis?

Answer 39

Tight chest muscles Weak upper back muscles

Question 40

What are the possible lifestyle related reasons for hyperkyphosis?

Answer 40

Forward rounding of the shoulders could be caused by an accumulation of desk based work, driving, mobiles, computer games

Question 41

How does hyperkyphosis present?

Answer 41

- head forward, rounded forward shoulders - short and overactive upper trapezius - lengthened and incactive lower and mid trapezius, and rhomboids - posterior deltoid lengthened

Question 42

How would you support someone with hyperkyphosis?

Answer 42

Increase mobility within the tight chest and upper trapezius muscles. Strengthen the lower back including lower & mid trapezius and rhomboids

Question 43

What is scoliosis?

Answer 43

An excessive lateral S bend of the spine. *Requires medical support*