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Anatomy/ Physiology > The Skin > Flashcards

The Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What do the functions of the epidermis help protect people from?

A
  • Loss of Fat-Loss of heat
  • Loss of elasticity
  • Thinning
  • Decrease in blood flow/coloring
  • Bruise easier
  • Drying: “Gray” loss of hair (starts at age 50)
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2
Q

How to protect yourself from aging

A
  • Eating nutritiously
  • Hydrate
  • Exercise
  • 8 hours of sleep
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3
Q

Function of Body Membranes

A
  • Cover body surfaces
  • Line body cavities
  • Form protective sheets around organs
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4
Q

Classifications of Body Membranes

A
  • Epithelial membranes
    • Cutaneous membranes
    • Mucous membranes
    • Serous membranes
  • Connective tissue membranes
    • Synovial membranes
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5
Q

Cutaneous Membrane (Type of Epithelial Membrane)

A
  • Cutaneous Membrane= skin
    • Dry membrane
    • Outermost protective boundary
  • Superficial (outermost) epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue
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6
Q

Mucous Membrane (Type of Epithelial Membrane)

A
  • Surface epithelium type depends on site
    • Stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus)
    • Simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive system)
  • Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
  • Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
  • Often adapted for absorption or secretion
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7
Q

Serous Membrane

A
  • Surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium
  • Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
  • Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
  • Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid
    • Visceral layer covers the outside of the organ
    • Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity
    • (Visceral lines organ, Parietal lines cavity)
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8
Q

Visceral Layer vs. Parietal Layer

A
  • Visceral layer covers the outside of the organ
    • Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity
    • (Visceral lines organ, Parietal lines cavity)
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9
Q

Specific Serous membranes

A
  • Peritoneum
    - Abdominal Cavity
    • Pleura
      • Around the lungs
    • Pericardium
      • Around the heart
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10
Q

Synovial Membrane (Type of Connective Membrane)

A
  • Connective tissue only
    • Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
    • Secretes a lubricating fluid
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11
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • Skin (cutaneous membrane)
  • Skin derivatives
    • Sweat glands
    • Oil glands
    • Hair
    • Nails
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12
Q

Skin Structure

A
  • Epidermis– Outer Layer
    • Stratified squamous epithelium
    • Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
  • Dermis
    • Dense connective tissue
  • Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to dermis
    • Not part of the skin
    • Anchors skin to underlying organs
    • Composed mostly of adipose tissue
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13
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Basale (Stratum germinativum)
    • Deepest
  2. Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Granulosum
    • 2nd Deepest
  3. Stratum Lucidum (ONLY ON PALMS OF HANDS AND SOLES OF FEET)
  4. Stratum Corneum
    • Outermost Layer of Epidermis
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14
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • Deepest layer of the epidermis
    • Lies next to the dermis
    • Cells undergoing mitosis
    • Daughter cells are pushed upward to become more superficial layers
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15
Q

Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Granulosum

A
  • Fluid maintains life
    - Solvent
    - Temperature
    - Pressure
    - Transport
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16
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata

- Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

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17
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Outermost layer of epidermis

- Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

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18
Q

Summary of Epithelial Layers from Deepest to most superficial

A
  • Stratum basale
    • Stratum spinosum
    • Stratum granulosum
    • Stratum lucidum (think, hairless skin only)
    • Stratum corneum
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19
Q

Melanin

A
  • Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
  • Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
  • Color is yellow to brown to black
  • Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight
  • Everyone has the same amount of melanocytes, some people’s produce more melanin than others
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20
Q

Overall Dermis Structure

A
  • Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis
    - Collagen fibers give skin its toughness
    - Elastic fivers give skin elasticity
    • Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation (dilation & constriction which is controlled by the nervous system)
21
Q

Layers of the Dermis

A
  • Papillary Layer

- Reticular Layer

22
Q

Papillary Layer

A
  • Upper dermal region
  • Projections called dermal papillae (finger prints)
    - Some contain capillary loops
    - Other house pain receptors and touch receptors
23
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • Deepest skin layer
  • Blood vessels
    - Sweat and oil glands
    - Deep pressure receptors
24
Q

Skin Color Determinants

A
  • Melanin
    • Yellow, brown, or black pigments
  • Carotene
    • Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
  • Hemoglobin
    • Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
    • Oxygen contents determine the extent of red coloring
25
Q

Cutaneous Glands

A
  • all exocrine glands
    • Sebaceous glands
    • Sweat glands- sudoriferous is the scientific name
26
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • Produce oil (sebum)
    - Lubricant for skin
    - Prevents brittle hair
    - Kills bacteria
    • Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
    • Glands are activated at puberty
27
Q

Sweat Glands

A
  • sudoriferous is the scientific name
    • Produce sweat
    • Widely distributed in skin
    • Two types
      • Eccrine:
        • Open via duct to pore on skin surface
      • Apocrine
        • Ducts empty into hair follicles
28
Q

Hair

A
  • Produced by hair follicle
    • Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
    • Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
29
Q

Hair Anatomy

A
  • Central Medulla
    - Cortex surrounds medulla
    - Cuticle outside of cortex
    - Mostly heavily keratinized
30
Q

Associated Hair Structures

A
  • Hair follicle
    - Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root
    - Arrector pili muscle
    - Smooth muscle
    - Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened (goosebumps)
    - Sebaceous gland
    - Sweat gland
31
Q

Nails

A
  • Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
    - Heavy keratinized
    • Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
      • Responsible for growth
    • Lack of pigment makes them colorless
    • Cyanotic or Cyantosis - Blue
32
Q

Nail Structure

A
  • Free edge
    - Body is the visible attached portion
    - Root of nail embedded in skin
    - Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that project onto the nail
33
Q

Types of Skin Appendages

A
  • Sebaceous Gland
  • Sweat Gland
  • Hair
  • Nails
34
Q

Composition of Sweat

A
  • Mostly water
  • Salts and vitamin C
  • Some metabolic waste (Urea, Lactic Acid, Creatine- yellowish)
  • Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
35
Q

Functions of Sweat

A
  • Help dissipate excess heat
  • Excretes waste products
  • Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
  • Odor is from associated bacteria
36
Q

Skin Homeostasis Imbalances (Infections)

A
  • Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)
    - Caused by fungal infection
    • Boils and carbuncles
      • Caused by bacterial infection
    • Cold sores
      • Caused by virus
      • Herpes
    • Contact Dermatitis:
      • Exposures cause allergic reactions
    • Impetigo
      • Caused by a bacterial infection (staphylococcus)
    • Psoriasis
      • Cause is unknown
      • Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
    • Burns
      • Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV Radiation, or chemicals
      • Associated dangers
        • Dehydration
        • Electrolyte imbalance
        • Circulatory shock
37
Q

Rule of Nines

A
  • Way to determine the extent of burns
  • Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
  • Each area represents about 9% of the total body surface area
38
Q

First Degree Burns

A
  • Only epidermis is damaged
  • Skin is red or swollen
  • Partial Burn
39
Q

Second-degree burns

A
  • Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
  • Skin is red w/ blisters
  • Partial Burns
40
Q

Third-Degree Burns

A
  • Destroys entire skin layer

- Burn is gray-white or black

41
Q

When are burns considered Critical?

A
  • Over 25% of body has second degree burns
  • Over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns
  • There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet
42
Q

Skin Cancer

A
  • Cancer= abnormal cell mass
  • Classified two ways
    • Benign:
      • Does not spread (encapsulated)
    • Malignant:
      • Metastasized (Moves) to other parts of the body
    • Skin cancer is the most common type of skin cancer
43
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma (Type of skin cancer)

A
  • Least malignant
    • Most common type
    • Arises from stratum basale
44
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Types of Cancer)

A
  • Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
    • Early removal allows a good chance of cure
    • Believed to be sun-induced
    • Arises from stratum spinosum
45
Q

ABCDE

A
  • a= Assymetrical
    • Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
  • B: Border irregularity
    • Borders of mole are not smooth
  • C: Color
    • Changes color gets dark
  • D= Diameter
    • Larger than 6 millimeters
  • E: Elevation
46
Q

Merkel Discs

A

-Sensory Receptors that react to touch

47
Q

Dessication

A

-Add keratin to skin, dries it up :)

48
Q

Functions of the Epidermis

A
  1. Protection
    1. Sensation
    2. Secretion
    3. Execution
    4. Synthesis
    5. Temperature
    6. Storage

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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