The Skull Flashcards
(243 cards)
1
Q
Name the five major holes in the sphenoid bone
A
foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinosum superior orbital fissure optic foramen
2
Q
what passes through the foramen rotundum?
A
Vii (Maxillary branch)
.. it then goes through the pterygopalatine fossa.
3
Q
what passes through the foramen ovale?
A
Viii (mandibular branch)
4
Q
what passes through the foramen spinosum?
A
middle meningeal artery
5
Q
what passes through the superior orbital fissure?
A
oculomotor nerve (III),
trochlear nerve (IV),
abducens (VI)
and lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V).
6
Q
what passes through the optic foramen?
A
optic nerve (II)
7
Q
what lies between the lesser sphenoid wing and the sphenoid body?
A
the optic foramen
8
Q
what travels through the stylomastoid foramen?
A
stylomastoid artery and the facial nerve
9
Q
what travels through the carotid canal? (2)
A
internal carotid artery
carotid plexus of nerves
10
Q
What travels through the internal auditory meatus?
A
facial nerve (VII) vestibulochochlear nerve (VIII) labyrinthine artery
11
Q
what is nerve II? Where does it exit + bone?
A
Optic nerve Optic foramen (sphenoid bone)
12
Q
What is nerve III? Where does it exit + bone?
A
oculomotor nerve
superior orbital fissure
located between the greater and lesser sphenoid wings
13
Q
What is nerve IV? Where does it exit + bone?
A
trochlear nerve
superior orbital fissure
located between the greater and lesser sphenoid wings
14
Q
what are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?
A
V1 - opthalmic nerve
V2 - Maxillary nerve
V3 - Mandibular nerve
15
Q
What does the opthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve exit?
A
superior orbital fissure
16
Q
Where does the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve exit?
A
foramen rotundum
17
Q
Where does the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve exit?
A
foramen ovale
18
Q
What are the three branches of the opthalmic (V1) trigeminal nerve?
A
lacrimal nerve
frontal nerve
nasociliary nerve
19
Q
What does the trochlear nerve supply?
A
superior oblique eye muscle. It is a tiny thread-like nerve.
20
Q
What is the VIII nerve?
A
vestibulochochlear nerve
21
Q
What is the IX nerve?
A
glossopharyneal nerve
22
Q
Where do nerves IX, X, XI all emerge from?
A
jugular foramen
23
Q
What is the XII nerve? What does it innervate?
A
hypoglossal nerve.
Most of the tongue muscles (intrinsic and extrinsic)
24
Q
What is the lingual nerve a branch of?
A
mandibular division of trigeminal
25
What does the brainstem consist of?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
26
What part of the brainstem does cranial nerve V orginate?
Pons
27
What does the abducens nerve innervate?
Lateral rectus muscle of the eye
28
What sensory input does the facial nerve have?
From the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste sensation).
29
What nerve is responsible for taste at the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
IX – glossopharyngeal nerve
30
What nerve has a secretory function for the parotid gland?
IX – glossopharyngeal nerve
31
IX is primarily a sensory nerve. Where do the afferent fibres arise from?
- General sensation in the oropharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue, eustachian tube, middle ear.
- taste buds of the pharynx and posterior 1/3 of tongue.
- chemoreceptors in the carotid body, and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus.
32
Name the four structures that pass through the jugular foramen.
```
Nerves
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - accessory
and the jugular vein
```
33
What are the three branches of the opthalamic nerve?
lacrimal
frontal
nasociliary
34
what innervates the lacrimal gland?
zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve
(contains the parasympathetic secetomotor fibres)
NB. maxillary branch also leads into the posterior superior alveolar nerve
35
what nerve joins up with the lacrimal nerve?
zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary nerve
36
what does the frontal nerve (branch of the opthalamic nerve) branch into ? (2)
supraorbital nerve
| supratrochlear nerve
37
what do the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves supply?
the orbital cavity
frontal air sinus
skin of the forehead and scalp
38
what does the maxillary branch of cranial nerve V supply?
the skin of the face and the side of the nose
39
what are the branches of the maxillary nerve? (6)
```
meningeal branch
zygomatic branch
ganglionic branch
posterior superior alveolar nerve
middle superior alveolar nerve
anterior superior alveolar nerve
```
40
what are the functions of the facial nerve?
facial expression
lacrimation
salivation
taste sensation (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), floor of the mouth, and the palate.
41
Does the facial nerve have a motor or sensory root?
both
42
two nerves enter the internal auditory meatus of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Which are they?
vestibulocochlear nerve and facial nerve
43
what two nerves activate the salivary glands?
```
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
facial nerve (VII)
```
44
what nerve supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Facial nerve
45
what nerve supplies taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal nerve
46
what happens when the chorda tympani is cut?
permanently reduces secretion of not only the submandibular salivary gland, but also the parotid gland.
47
what innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
the digastric branch of the facial nerve
48
where is the geniculate ganglion and which cranial nerve does it belong to?
petrous part of temporal bone
| facial nerve
49
Is the facial nerve motor or sensory?
both
50
what are the names of the five motor branches of the facial nerve (VII)
```
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical (innervates neck muscles)
```
51
what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? (4)
styloglossus
palatoglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus
52
Which nerve emerges from the parotid gland?
facial nerve
53
Orbicularis Oculi consists of two parts – what are they?
```
Palpebral part (loosely closed eyelid)
Orbital part (Strongly closed eyelid)
```
54
What are corticospinal tracts?
Descending from the cortical motor centres to the spinal cord
55
What are corticobulbar/ nuclear tracts?
Descending from the cortical motor centres to the brainstem motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (III-XII)
56
Name three venous plexus in the brain
```
Cavernous sinus
Pterygoid venous plexus (important one)
Basilar plexus (sinus)
```
57
Aside from the muscles of facial expression, what other muscles does VII supply?
Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
| Stylohyoid
58
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C3-C4)
59
Cricoid cartilage - which level?
C6
60
Thyroid cartilage – which level
C4-C5
61
What structure does the internal carotid artery pass though?
Carotid canal in the temporal bone (no bifurcations in the neck)
62
What are the layers of the scalp?
```
S: Skin
C: connective tissue
A: Aponeurosis
L: Loose Areolar tissue
P: Periosteum (pericranium)
```
63
What does the frontal nerve of V1 (trigeminal - ophthalmic branch) divide into? (2)
Supratrochlear nerve
| Supraorbital nerve
64
What is the lacrimal nerve a branch from?
Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
65
What structures pass through the cavernous sinus?
```
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (Vi)
maxillary division (Vii)
oculomotor nerve (III)
trochlear nerve (IV)
abducens nerve (VI) - free within substance of sinus
internal carotid artery
```
66
What are the primary functions of the vagus nerve?
supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs except the suprarenal (adrenal) glands, from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon.
67
what is ptosis?
a weak, droopy eyelid
68
what is miosis?
a constricted pupil
69
what is the name of the muscle(s) that raises the upper eyelid?
levator palpebrae superioris (striated muscle)
| superior tarsal muscle (smooth muscle)
70
what innervates the levator palpebrae superioris?
oculomotor nerve, and the sympathetic n.s., for the superior tarsal muscle.
71
what nerve passes UPWARDS through the foramen magnum?
spinal aspect of the accessory nerve
(it then leaves via the jugular foramen)
spinal cord
vertebral artery
72
characteristics of foetal skull (5)
no mastoid process
only a ring of bone around the outer margin of the middle ear cavity
mandible is unfused at the symphysis
fontanelles present
face is very small because teeth not erupted + air sinuses not developed
73
why is there only mild ptosis with Horner's syndrome?
Because the sympathetics only supply the smooth muscle in the superior tarsal muscle that supplies the superior tarsal plate..
74
why does a lesion at cranial nerve III cause more severe ptosis?
Because it supplies the striated muscle in the levator palpabrae superioris.
75
what is nystagmus?
involuntary jerky movement of the eyes
76
which way does the superior oblique move the eye?
Down and Out
| BUT - tested by looking INWARDS and DOWNWARDS. This negates the effect of the lateral rectus and the inferior rectus.
77
what is special about the cricothyroid muscle? (3)
- only muscle that tightens the vocal cords.
- only muscle that lies on the outside of the larynx.
- has a different nerve supply to the rest of the intrinsic muscles (external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve).
78
what nerve supplies most intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
79
```
Somatic sensation (NOT taste) of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue belongs to which nerve?
(also floor of the mouth)
```
The Lingual nerve.
| This is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
80
What does the Lingual nerve also carry? (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
the chorda tympani hitch hikes onto the this nerve and this is part of the facial nerve.
Thus, the lingual nerve carries both somatic and taste sensation.
81
what does the buccinator do, and what innervation?
compresses the cheeks during mastication.
| not strictly a muscle of mastication, innervation is the facial nerve.
82
what three muscles arise from the styloid process?
styloglossus
stylohyoid
stylopharyngeus
83
what is the nerve supply to the muscles of the pharynx?
the cranial branch of XI accessory nerve that travels together with the vagus
84
what is the sensory nerve supply to the nasopharynx?
maxillary branch of cranial nerve V.
| Similar to most of nose.
85
what is the sensory nerve supply to the oropharynx?
```
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
Similar to back of tongue
```
86
what is the sensory nerve supply to the larnygeal part of the pharynx?
internal and recurrent branches of the vagus.
| just like the larynx
87
what is the facial canal?
Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen
88
name three major branches of the external carotid artery
```
superior thyroid (c4/ bifurcation level)
facial artery (anterior to masseter muscle)
lingual artery (travels behind superior aspect of larynx?)
```
89
name two terminal branches of the external carotid artery
maxillary
superficial termporal arteries
nb. these arteries divide off the external carotid artery inferior to zygomatic arch.
90
what artery arises from the same level as the superior thyroid artery but is posterior?
ascending pharyngeal artery
91
what artery arises from the same level as the facial artery but is posterior?
occipital artery
92
what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
| What is the post important structure found there?
s.c.m. muscle
middle 1/3 of clavicle
trapezius
Accessory nerve
93
what is the anterior triangle of the neck subdivided into?
submandibular triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle
94
three types of intrinsic tongue muscles - what are they?
longitudinal
transverse
vertical fibres
95
All muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except for ...... which is supplied by the ....
```
palatoglossus muscle
Vagus nerve (motor accessory fibres from XI)
```
96
what is the structure that divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior?
sulcus terminalis
97
what nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx?
vagus nerve
98
what nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeus)?
```
vagus nerve (via the cranial division of the vagus accessory nerve).
NB. Vagus supplies sensory innervation to the larynogeal aspect of the pharynx via the internal and recurrent branches of the vagus.
```
99
what nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the palate (except the tensor palati)?
vagus nerve
100
what nerve supplies sensory information from the outer surface of the eardrum, the external acoustic meatusm (ear canal), and the back of the auricle?
vagus nerve
101
which ONE muscle does the motor nerve of the the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?
stylopharyngeus
102
what does the parasympathetic fibres of IX (glossopharyngeal) supply?
```
parotid gland
(activates each of the large salivary glands)
```
103
what does the carotid sinus detect?
arterial pressure changes (IX afferent innervation)
104
what does the carotid body detect?
falling PO2 or rising PCO2 in the blood (IX afferent innervation)
105
what is the name of the two arches in the mouth ?
```
palatoglossal arch (anterior)
palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)
```
106
what's another name for the external occipital protuberance?
Inion
107
what's the name of the foramen in the zygomatic bone?
zygomatico-facial foramen
108
what's the name of the anterior process of the mandible?
coronoid process
109
what's the name of the suture at the back of the head?
lambda
110
what's the name of the suture that travels lateral-medial over the top of the head?
coronal
111
puffing on the cornea of the eye would be testing what nerve?
trigeminal
112
testing sensation on the tragus of the ear would be testing which nerve?
trigeminal
113
which nerve conveys afferent fibres from the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in the aortic arch?
Vagus
114
Sensory afferent fibres for the oropharynx?
glossopharyngeal nerve
| just like the posterior of the tongue
115
Sensory afferent fibres for the nasopharynx?
maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
| just like the nose
116
Sensory afferent fibres for the laryngeal part of the pharynx?
internal and recurrent branches of the vagus
| just like the larynx
117
Name three types of fascia in the neck?
prevertebral fascia
pretracheal fascia
deep cervical fascia
(NB. carotid sheath around the carotid vessels and vagus nerve)
118
How does the vertebral artery enter the skull, and which artery does it arise from?
through the foramen magnum.
| branch off the subclavian artery
119
which nerve carries motor fibres to the pharynx and palate?
the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
120
what are the branches of the vagus that innervate the larynx?
superior laryngeal nerve (uppermost)
- sudivides into internal branch that supplies sensory innervation for the larynx
- external branch supplies an important muscle
left and right recurrent nerves supplies most of laryngeal muscles.
121
where does the cranial root and spinal root of the accessory nerve join?
converge on the vagus just before X and XI leave the skull. Thus spinal XI root travels up before going down again.
122
name all the sensory (afferent) areas that the vagus nerve innervates. (three groups)
- receptors for general sensation in the pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, tympanic membrane, external auditory meatus and part of the concha of the external ear
- chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies and baroreceptors in the aortic arch
- receptors widely distributed throughout the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
123
what supplies sensory information for the external tympanic membrane of the ear?
vagus + trigeminal nerve
124
what supplies sensory information for the external auditory meatus?
vagus + trigeminal nerve
125
what are the two small muscles in the middle ear/ tympanic cavity? And their innervations.
tensor tympani - innervated by branch of trigeminal nerve.
| stapedius - nerve to stapedius (facial nerve)
126
what does the carotid sheath contain?
vagus nerve
common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
internal jugular vein
127
Name a primary cartilaginous joint
the epiphyseal cartilaginous joints found at the end of long bones within children.
128
Examples of secondary cartilaginous joints
articulations between vertebral bodies
articulation between the 1st rib and the manubrium
articulations between symphysis (eg. the pubic symphysis)
129
what does the axial skeleton consist of?
head, spine, ribcage
130
where are the primary curvatures?
thoracic and sacral
131
when does the first secondary curvature develop? (cervical)
as the baby starts to lift its head and it is able to sit up. 4 months to 9 months
132
when does the second secondary curvature develop (lumbar)
when the lumbar learns to walk (12-18 months)
133
what is the vertebral pedicle?
First part of vertebral arch as it leaves the vertebral body
134
describe the boundaries of the intervertebral foramen (where the spinal nerves exit). VERY IMPORTANT
anteriorly - vertebral bodies and discs
medially and laterally by the pedicles
posterior by the synovial facet joints
135
sensory nerve fibres come from the ......... root
dorsal
136
motor nerve fibres comes from the ........ root
ventral
137
the dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots for the mixed spinal nerve at the .........
intervertebral foramina
138
the dorsal ramus carries....
both motor and sensory fibres
139
the ventral ramus carries......
both motor and sensory fibres
140
what is chemosis?
swelling of the conjunctiva (an occur with herpes zoster affecting V1). V1 has sensory innervation to conjunctiva.
141
what are axial lines?
borders between non-adjacent dermatomes in limbs (more pronounced on flexor surfaces, eg. C5/ T1) Formed as the limb bud extends. No overlap at axial lines.
142
what does the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?
only the vertebral bodies, not the discs.
143
what is the effect of a cervical rib?
impediment in the subclavian blood flow and stretching of the brachial plexus, especially T1 contribution.
144
where does the ligmentum flavum travel?
between the lamina of the vertebrae.
145
what are the three ligaments of the dens?
one apical
two lateral (or ala)
Attach to the occipital bone from the tip of the dens.
146
what holds the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas?
transverse ligaments
147
what is the sacrospinalis?
Another name is the erector spinal muscles. Group of outer superficial muscles that extend the back from base of skull to sacrum. Lies in a grove lateral to the vertebral column.
148
name the superficial outer muscles (3)
iliocostalis - ilium to ribs
longissimus - between transverse processes
spinalis - between spines
149
Name the Deep outer muscles
Multifidus (runs from tps to sps)
rotatores
semispinalis
150
```
Back muscles that do :
Flexion
Extension
side-bending
finer movements
```
F ; prevertebral and psoas
E; erector spinae
S ; QL
Finer ; rotatores and other small deep muscles
151
Think about the Thoraco-Abdominal Pump
Glottis, ribs, diaphragm, abdominal muscle walls...
NB. when glottis is closed, intra-abdominal pressures increase dramatically and abdominal contents can be expelled. Also used to lift heavy weights.
152
Where do parasympathetic motor nerves leave the neuroaxis?
Cranial nerves III, IV, IX, X or via the ventral nerve roots of sacral segments S2, S3, and S4
153
lesion of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve causes.....
paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle
| - flabby folds. Can't get high notes and voice tires easily.
154
lesion of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve causes......
loss of sensation above the vocal cords
155
lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes....
paralysis of all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle, and loss of sensation below the vocal cords.
Difficulty breathing if cords adducted.
Hoare and weak voice if cords abducted.
156
what is affected with a cranial nerve III lesion?
- all the eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus.
- striated muscle aspect of levator palpebrae superioris
- cranial nerve III carries the PARASYMPATHETIC fibres for constriction of the eye.
157
Sympathetic fibres to the iris hitch-hike along the ....... cranial nerve
trigeminal (ophthalmic division)
158
which tubercles do the scalene attach to?
anterior scalenes - anterior tubercle
| medius and posterior scalenes - posterior tubercle
159
what does the branch of the fourth ventral ramus supply?
diaphragm - phrenic nerve
| NB. it travels on the surface of the anterior scalene muscle
160
what is the name of the inferior cervical ganglion?
cervicothoracic ganglion or stellate ganglion
161
how do postganglionic sympathetic nerves form the cervical ganglion reach the head?
hitch hiking onto blood vessels.
162
what innervates the platysma muscle?
facial nerve (muscle of facial expression)
163
What innervates the ANTERIOR belly of the digastric muscle?
a small division of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
164
What is the action of the digastric muscle?
Raises the hyoid bone during swallowing.
| Lowers the mandible and opens the mouth if the hyoid bone is fixed.
165
where can chains of lymphatic glands be felt in the neck?
along the internal jugular vein, felt at the anterior border of the s.c.m.
166
what is another name for the middle ear?
the tympanic cavity
| within petrous temporal bone
167
The sensory part of the auditory canal is supplied by X and V cranial nerves. What supplies the mucosal membranes?
IX - glossopharygneal nerve.
168
what does the extradural fat do in the spinal canal, and exact location
located in a gap between the dura and the vertebral bodies.
| It houses the internal vertebral venous plexus.
169
what are the two main carotid arteries that can be seen with a carotid angiogram?
middle cerebral artery
| anterior cerebral artery
170
what are the main three arterial branches that supply the brain?
posterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
171
what is a Subarachnoid haemorrhage?
a haemorrhage beneath the arachnoid. Usually rupture of a berry aneurysm on the circle of Willis.
172
what causes a Subarachnoid haemorrhage?
overexertion
> BP
weakness in arterial wall
173
what is a Subdural haemorrhage
A rupture of veins between the brain and the sagittal sinus.
Frequent with elderly people who trip over .
Gradual worsening of symptoms
174
what are the muscles of facial expression? (6)
```
Include : (there are lots more)
Occipitofrontalis muscle
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Zygomaticus
Buccinator muscle
Mentalis
platysma
```
175
Does the facial nerve travel through the parotid gland?
Yes, therefore cancer of the parotid gland can cause facial paralysis
176
what other muscles does the facial nerve innervate (excluding muscles of facial expression)?
stylohyloid
stapedius
posterior belly of the digastric muscle
177
The geniculate ganglion is associated with the facial nerve, name two other ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion
| submandibular ganglion
178
All muscles of the palate are supplied by the vagus except for tensor palati which is supplied by the .......
trigeminal nerve
179
what does the palatoglossus muscle do? (pharyngeal innervation)
moves tongue upwards against the palate ready for swallowing
180
what does the styloglossus muscle do?
Moves the tongue backwards so that a bolus can be pulled backwards against the top of the oropharynx
181
Where are the palatine tonsils?
Between the pillars of fauces at the entrance to the oropharynx
182
which muscle is inferior to the inferior constrictor and can have pouches (diverticula)?
cricopharyngeus muscle
| * pharyngeal pouches can herniate between this muscle and the oesophagus
183
which veins from the orbit drain into the cavernous sinus?
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
184
where does the internal jugular vein begin?
at the end of the sigmoid sinus
185
what does the straight sinus interconnect with?
the superior and inferior sagittal sinus
| NB> the straight sinus connects with i.s.s. and also the great cerebral vein
186
how is c.s.f. transported into the venous sinuses?
via arachnoid granulations (clusters of villi) that protrude into the venous sinuses (especially superior sagittal sinus)
187
what does the internal jugular vein feed into?
subclavian vein - brachiocephalic vein - superior vena cava
188
From anterior to posterior, what are the five node groups in the superficial lymphatic crown?
```
Occipital nodes
Post-auricular nodes (on mastoid process)
Superficial parotid nodes
Facial (buccal) nodes
Submental nodes
```
189
What does the superficial lymphatic ring drain?
Structures outside the deep fascia, eg. The lips, anterior nasal cavity.
190
What does the salivary glands and oral cavity drain into?
Deep lymphatic nodes
191
What are the intermediary deep lymph nodes (4)
Deep portion of parotid nodes
Adenoids
Tonsillar
Submandibular
192
What do all the intermediary deep lymph nodes drain into?
Superior jugular node
193
Deep lymph nodes do two main things, what are they?
Receive lymph from the superficial lymphatic drainage
| Receive lymph from their respective deep structures.
194
What is the main lymphatic drainage for the tongue?
Submandibular node
195
Lumps in the neck… what could they be?
Thyroid – midline. Moves up and down with swallowing since attached to trachea
Lateral - lymph nodes
Branchial cysts
196
sites of haemopoiesis after age 20
```
diploe
scapula, clavicle, sternum
rib cage
vertebral bodies
pelvis
```
197
what are the two main branches of the internal carotid?
middle cerebral artery
| anterior cerebral artery
198
how is csf transported into the venous system?
via arachnoid granulations that protrude into the venous sinuses from the subarachnoid space
199
what is the function of the pterygoids?
They draw the mandible forwards during mastication.
200
what does the maxillary branch (Vii) branch into?
zygomatic branch - lacrimal
| posterior superior alveolar nerve
201
where does the pteryopalatine ganglion lie?
in the pteryopalatine fossa. Connected to the maxillary nerve (Vii)
202
what is sensory nerve innervation for the floor of the mouth and the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Lingual nerve - branch of mandibular division of trigeminal
203
what is Meckel's cave?
a depression on the apex of the petrous bone where the sensory trigeminal ganglion resides
204
where is the sensory trigeminal ganglion?
Meckel's cave - depression on the petrous bone
205
what can the sensory branches of trigeminal be tested for?
touch, pressure, temperature and pain
206
where does the chords tympani branch off the facial nerve?
in the facial canal
207
tensor palati is innervated by.....
trigeminal nerve
208
what is the embryological origin of the thyroid gland?
foramen caecum in the tongue
209
nerve roots for the brachial plexus?
```
C5-6 = upper trunk
C7 = middle trunk
C8-T1 = lower trunk
```
210
Where is the ligamentum flavum?
elastic ligament attached to adjacent lamina of the vertebral arches
211
Where do you find uncus, and what are their function?
on the bodies of cervical vertebrae.
| form synovial covertebral joints.
212
what direction are the superior articular facets of the axis?
flat to allow rotation
| Rem.
213
How would you describe the muscles of the back?
inner layer - inside ribs/ costal elements
middle layer - between costal elements
outer layer - from sacrum to base of skull
214
example of inner layer muscles
psoas
215
example (2) of middle layer muscles
scalenes
| Q.L.
216
superficial Outer muscles
ILS
iliocostalis (cervicis/ thoracis/ lumborum)
longissimis (capitis/ cervicis/ thoracis)
spinalis (cervicis, thoracis)
217
deep Outer muscles
rotatores (most superficial)
multifidus
semispinalis (deepest)
218
tensor palati and the tensor tympani are innervated by.....
Viii
| mandibular branch of trigeminal
219
what innervates the tragus of the ear?
trigeminal nerve
220
what nerves innervate the funnel of the ear?
VII, IX, X
221
Branches of the maxillary (Vii)
zygomatic
infraorbital
nasopalatine
alveolar nerves (supplies all the upper teeth)
222
what is the structure separating the buccinator from the superior constrictor muscle?
pterygomandibular raphe
223
which muscles form the 'oral diaphragm'?
the mylohyoids
224
where is the otic ganglion?
suspended below the foramen ovale
225
where do parasympathetic fibres carried in the chords tympani synapse?
sub-mandibular ganglion
226
which muscles form the anterior and posterior pillars of fauces?
Palatopharyngeus
| Palatoglossus
227
Lymph from the upper oral cavity drain into the (2).....
buccal 'cheek' nodes
| parotid nodes
228
Lymph from the lower oral cavity drain into the (2).....
submental nodes
| submandibular nodes
229
Lymph from the oropharynx drains directly into the....
superior deep cervical nodes
230
whats the name of the processes close to the sella turcica?
clinoid processes (anterior and posterior)
231
what attaches to the clinoid processes?
the tentorium
232
name of the muscle surrounding the eye
orbicularis oculi
233
name of the muscle surrounding the mouth
orbicularis oris
234
what's the function of the scalenes?
accessory muscles of respiration
| support the cervical vertebral column
235
What is the pterygoid canal?
It is a passage in the skull leading from just anterior to the foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.
236
what is the maxillary artery a branch of?
the external carotid artery
| - it supplies deep structures in the face.
237
What is the name of the most concentrated part of the macula of the eye?
fovea centralis
238
what is the nervus intermedius nerve?
part of the facial nerve found between the motor fibres of VII and the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Contains sensory and parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve.
239
what input does the nervus intermedius nerve carry?
input about sensation from the skin of the external auditory meatus, from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and nose, and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and the palate.
240
what is the name of the suture that divides the frontal bone in newborns
metopic suture
241
what duct pierces through the buccinator muscle?
parotid duct
242
what is the diencephalon?
thalamus
| hypothalamus
243
why can a torn vessel under the aponeurosis lead to bruising in the area of the eyelids?
Because the frontalis is only connected superficially to subcutaneous tissue, thus blood can leak anteriorly.
