The Spinal Cord And The Ascending And Descending Tracts

Question 1

Central bony pillar of the body.

Answer 1

Vertebral column

Question 2

Vertebral column is composed of?

Answer 2

Composed of 33 vertebra:
7 cervical,
12 thoracic,
5 lumbar,
5 sacral (fused to form the sacrum), and
4 coccygeal (the lower 3 are commonly fused).

Question 3

Directed posteriorly from the junction of the two laminae

Answer 3

Spinous processes/Spine

Question 4

Directed laterally from the junction of the laminae and the pedicles

Answer 4

Transverse processes/Spine:

Question 5

Vertically arranged and consist of two superior and two inferior processes.

Answer 5

Articular process/ spine

Question 6

Serve as shock absorbers when the load on the vertebral column is suddenly increased.

Answer 6

IV DISCS

Question 7

Thickest in the cervical and lumbar regions, where the movements of the vertebral column are greatest.

Answer 7

IV DISCS

Question 8

Each IV discs consisits: ????

Answer 8

• the anulus fibrosus
  -nucleus pulposus

Question 9

Each IV discs consisits: ????

Answer 9

• the anulus fibrosus
  -nucleus pulposus

Question 10

composed of fibrocartilage, which is strongly attached to the vertebral bodies and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments of the vertebral column.

Answer 10

The anulus fibrosus

Question 11

the young is an ovoid mass of gelatinous material. It is normally under pressure and situated slightly nearer to the posterior than to the anterior margin of the disc.

Answer 11

Nucleus pulposus

Question 12

This runs between the tips of adjacent spines.

Answer 12

Supraspinous ligament

Question 13

This connects adjacent spines.

Answer 13

Interspinous ligament

Question 14

These run between adjacent transverse processes.

Answer 14

Intertransverse ligaments:

Question 15

This connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

Answer 15

Ligamentum flavum

Question 16

The joints between the vertebral bodies are innervated by the small meningeal branches of each spinal nerves.

Answer 16

Nerve supply:

Question 17

Roughly cylindrical in shape.

Answer 17

Gross apperance of the spinal cord

Question 18

The cord possesses a deep longitudinal fissure called the ______anterior median fissure in the midline anteriorly and a shallow furrow called the _________ on the posterior surface.

Answer 18

1anterios median fissure
2. Posterior median sulcus

Question 19

Spinal cord are attached of how many pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 19

31 pairs

Question 20

composed of an inner core of gray matter, which is sorround by an outer covering of white matter

Answer 20

Structure of the spinal cord

Question 21

Seen as an H-shaped pillar with anterior and posterior gray columns, or horns, united by a thin gray commissure containing the small central canal

Answer 21

Gray matter

Question 22

are large and multipolar, and their axons pass out in the anterior roots of the spinal nerves as alpha efferents, which innervate skeletal muscles

Answer 22

Most nerve cells

Question 23

are also multipolar, and the axons of many of these pass out in the anterior roots of the spinal nerves as gamma efferents, which innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers of neuromuscular spindles.

Answer 23

Smaller nerve cells

Question 24

The nerve cells of the anterior gray column may be divided into three basic groups or columns:

Answer 24

1. Medial
2. Central
   3.lateral

Question 25

Present in most segments of the spinal cord and is responsible for innervating the skeletal muscles of the neck and trunk, including the intercostal and abdominal musculature.

Answer 25

Medial

Question 26

Smallest and is present in some cervical and lumbosacral segments.

Answer 26

Central

Question 27

Present in the cervical and lumbosacral segments of the cord and is responsible for innervating the skeletal muscles of the limbs.

Answer 27

Lateral

Question 28

There are four nerve cell groups of the posterior gray column: two that extend throughout the length of the cord and two that are restricted to the thoracic and lumbar segments.

Answer 28

Nerve cell groups in the posterior gray columns

Question 29

Situated at the apex of the posterior gray column throughout the length of the spinal cord

Answer 29

The Substantia Gelatinosa Group:

Question 30

Group of large nerve cells situated anterior to the substantia gelatinosa throughout the spinal cord

Answer 30

The nucleus proprius group

Question 31

Group of nerve cells situated at the base of the posterior gray column and extending from the eighth cervical segment caudally to the third or fourth lumbar segments.

Answer 31

The Nucleus Dorsalis (Clarke's column) Group:

Question 32

Nerve cells of medium size situated lateral to the nucleus dorsalis. Extends from the first thoracic to the third lumbar segment of the spinal cord.

Answer 32

. The Visceral Afferent Nucleus Group:

Question 33

The intermediolateral group of cells form the small lateral gray column.

Answer 33

Nerve Cell Groups in the Lateral Gray Columns

Question 34

In the center of the gray commissure is situated the

Answer 34

Central canal

Question 35

Consists of a mixture of nerve fibers, neuroglia, and blood vessels.

Answer 35

White matter

Question 36

Surrounds the gray matter, and its white color is due to the high proportion of myelinated nerve fibers.

Answer 36

White matter

Question 37

May be divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior white columns or funiculi. The anterior column on each side lies between the midline and the point of emergence of the anterior nerve roots. The lateral column lies between the emergence of the anterior nerve roots and the entry of the posterior nerve roots. The posterior column lies between the entry of the posterior nerve roots and the midline.

Answer 37

White matter

Question 38

Ascend from the spinal cord to higher centers and thus connect the spinal cord with the brain.

Answer 38

THE ASCENDING TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD

Question 39

Two main grouo information in ascending tracts of the spinal cord

Answer 39

1. Exteroceptive information 2.proprioceptive information

Question 40

which originates from outside the body, such as pain, temperature, and touch, and

Answer 40

Exteroceptive infromation

Question 41

which originates from inside the body, for example, from muscles and joints.

Answer 41

Proprioceptive information

Question 42

Experienced within about 0.1 second after the pain stimulus is applied. Sharp pain, acute pain, or pricking pain and is the type of pain felt after pricking the finger with a needle. Fast pain is almost confined to the skin. Fast pain travels in peripheral nerves in large diameter A delta axons at velocities of between 6 and 30 msec. The fast type of pain is precisely localized. Impulses travel directly up to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and are then relayed to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 42

Fast pain

Question 43

Felt 1.0 second or later after the stimulation

Answer 43

Slow pain

Question 44

All types of pain reception take place in

Answer 44

Free nerve endings

Question 45

Pain control in the CNS:

Answer 45

1. The gating theory 2. The analgesia system

Question 46

The site where the pain fiber enters the central nervous system, inhibition could occur by means of connector neurons excited by large, myelinated afferent fibers carrying information of nonpainful touch and pressure

Answer 46

The gatting theory

Question 47

Stimulation of certain areas of the brainstem can reduce or block sensations of pain.

Answer 47

The analgesia system

Question 48

Present throughout the length of the spinal cord and contains the long ascending fibers from the sacral, lumbar, and lower six thoracic spinal nerves.

Answer 48

Fasciculus Gracilis

Question 49

Situated laterally in the upper thoracic and cervical segments of the spinal cord and is separated from the fasciculus gracilis by a septum

Answer 49

Fasciculus Cuneatus

Question 50

A reflex may be defined as an involuntary response to a stimulus

Answer 50

Reflex arc

Question 51

, a reflex arc consists of the following anatomical structures:

Answer 51

(1) a receptor organ (2) an afferent neuron (3) an effector neuron (4) an effector organ

Question 52

A reflex arc involving only one synapse is referred to as a _

Answer 52

Monisynaptic reflex arc