The state and Globalisation

Question 1

a academic that believed war would become a thing of the past and why?

Answer 1

1992 japanese academic Francais Fukyuyama published the end of history and the last man
- war would eventually become a thing of the past
- rise in liberal democracies - unwillingness to engage in conflict
- close connectivity between democracies evolve to challenge primacy of state
- EU = provide a model for future relations between states undemining the authority of nation states

Question 2

an example of the hightening of liberal democracies in this era (1992)

Answer 2

• popularity of the economic principles of the washington concensus encouraged trust and cooperation among the states
• even in china it seemed that free market reforms woiuld so empower a new middle class that they would demand democratic reforms to challenge communist rule

Question 3

argument against - “ rise in liberal democracies resulting in the end of war”

( 3 examples)

Answer 3

• internet provided oppertunities for the intergration of people across the world through shared online experiences
  eg: television network RT (formally russian today) deploys its global outreach not to break down barriers but to provide Russian Nationalism with a global audience

eg: in 2020 the United Kindom fully reclaimed its sovreignty from the European Union. Whilst EU member states like Hungary and Poland have undergone a nationalist sentiment

eg: the US Trump administartion (2017-2020) won huge support among large swathes of Americans with its commitment to put the nationalist interests of the US first

Question 4

quote about the state from dutch scholar Hugo Grotius

Answer 4

the state is ‘ a complete assosiation of free men, joined together for the enjoyment of rights and for their common interest”

Question 5

pro - state argument

Answer 5

Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin argued that adherence to the authority of the sovreign ststae provided the most effective way of protectingf society from man kinds potential anarchy

Question 6

why does Thomas Hobbes believe in the state so much?

Answer 6

hobbes had first - hand experience of the destruction wrought by the english civil war, grew appreciative of the states aboility to control its subjects, providing peace and stability

Question 7

The westphallian state system

Answer 7

The peace of westphalia in 1648 - ended the 30 years war = particularly important in the development of the principle state of sovreignty. ended Holy Roman Emperors claim to pocess authority over virtually independednt german states. Each individual state = sovreign + established the principle of territoy integrity of affairs

Question 8

what was the theory of sovreign equality that Westphillia also defined

Answer 8

-No state has the legal right to intervene in the sovreign affairs of anouther state
- Al states. whatever size, pocess the legal right to independemce

Question 9

when did the westphillian priciples dominate

Answer 9

during the 20th century

Question 10

an example of a leader honouring the westphillian principles

Answer 10

US president Woodrow Wilson established the principle that nation- state sovreignty should be founded upon the right of self-determination based on shared ethnic heritage. this led to the creation of new states such as Austria, Hungary and Poland after WW1

Question 11

What convention determined the attributes of a nation state

Answer 11

The Montevideo convention (1933)

Question 12

what did the Montevideo convetion say states must pocess

Answer 12

• a defied territory
• a permenant population
• a viable government
• the capacity to enter into diplomatic relation with other states

Question 13

what did the Montevideo convention allow states to do

Answer 13

Pocess a monopoly of law making powers within its borders while outside interference could not legally change a states borders

Question 14

explain post WW2 decolonisation

Answer 14

• old colonial empires dismantled
• new independent nation states were establishes across a developing world

1989-1991
- as communism collapsed throughout the eastern wor;d, europe, new nation states, including 15 constituent parts of the soviet Union were established based upon woodrow wilsons principles of self determination

Question 15

what are nation states and why are they so important

Answer 15

nation states are a community bound together by citizenship
- nationality and culture therfore became increasingly powerful in global politics
- article 2 od chapter 1 of the Un Charter recognises this fact that by noting that ‘ The organization is based on the principle of sovreign equality of all its members”

Question 16

evidnecxe that proves state sovreignty

Answer 16

• all states can claim its right to determine policy within their own boderes without fears of outside intererence
• all states can claim equal territorial integrity
• loyalty to the state and its use of its economic, political and military power ti achieve its objectives underpin the realist interpretation of gloabl affairs
• states arguably act out of self - interest in order to achieve the best possible outcome for themselves eg: Tony Blair and George Bush sr intervention in the iraq war to prevent their WOMD without approval from the UN

Question 17

who claims nation- statehood but isnt accepted by the UN

Answer 17

Palestines, Kurds and Catalans

Question 18

the process of globalisation

Answer 18

globalisation = dramatic impact of the influence of the state
- complex web of interconnectedness that challenges the states sole authority
- interconnectedness has manifested economically, financially, politically , technically and culturally
- created a world in which nation states cannot insulate themselves from what is happening elsewhere in the world

Question 19

the significance of economic and financial globalisation

Answer 19

economic liberalism = Washington consensus
post cold war has led to the dominance of free - market principles in global trade

this means that:
- states need to establish the sort of conditions that global investors find attractive, which includes policies of low corporate taxation and light regulation, since too much taxation and/or bureaucracy is likely to repel investment
- any state that seeks to act in defiance of economic globalisation will risk loss of investment and capital flight

Question 20

how can governments encourage foreign businesses

Answer 20

by tailoring macro economic decisions they make, eg: Ireland achieved striking economic success by dramatically reducing taxation to 12.5% in order to encourage foreign companies to locate there. Apple consequently moved its European, middle eastern and African centre of operations to Dublin

Question 21

what is the globalisation of markets and how can it effect a states economic welbeing
(2 examples of this)

Answer 21

the globalisation of financia; markets, facilitated by the instantaneous communication the internet provides, means that global events can affect a states economic welbeing. This is seen in a number of ways
- in 2007- 08 the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US, precipitated by the bankruptcy of US Bank Lehman brothers, provokes a gloabl banking crisis. This led to stock markets throughout the world plumeting and a sudden and prolonged global recession
- The global impact of the Covid-19 pandemic which began in 2020 impactted every economy in the world. as a result trade decline by approximatly 9%

Question 22

The influence of non - state factors

Answer 22

global interconnectedness has also been advanced through the rise of myriad non-state actors
- As the world faces become more complex, from climate change to international terrorism, a ‘collective securitry dillema’ is created, which states cannot resolve on their own. Therefore they increasingly need to work together in IGOs in order to solve problems

Question 23

whats an IGO

Answer 23

Intergovernmental organisation

Question 24

an examples of IGO’s rsponding to crisis

Answer 24

2009, the G20 responded to the global financial crisis by implementing a global strategy of reflection and continued commitment to fair trade. The Intergovernmental Pannel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides an international forum in which recomendations for actions are agreed. The international Atomic Energy Agency is designed to ensure that its signitory states abide by the terms of the Treaty on Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

Question 25

IGO’s

Answer 25

• the world bank
• the international Monetary Fund
• The world trade organisation
• World Health Organisation (WTO)
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
• United Nation High Commision for Refugees (UNHCR)
• UNited Nations International Childrens Fund (UNICEF)
• World Food Programme (WFP)

Question 25

what has The UN been responsible for

Answer 25

• The Millennium (2000-2015) and sustainable Devlopment Goals (2015-2030) which have made considerable progress in reducing poverty. The MDGs included eradicting extream poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, reducing child mortality rates and combating HIV/AIDS milaria and other diseases. The SDGs built on MDGs, also including goals such as genbder equality, improving sustainability and pushing for action on climate change.
• climate change conferences, which are organised by the UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and provide an oppertunity for states and non - state actors to work together on limiting carbon emissions and reducing the impact of climate change

Question 26

examples of regional IGO’s