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General Biology 104 > The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 large molecules

A

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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2
Q

Why do they have unique properties

A

Due to the orderly arrangement of their atoms

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3
Q

Polymers are made of _______

A

Monomers

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4
Q

Polymer to Monomers

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

Monomers to Polymer

A

Dehydration

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6
Q

Monosaccharides form

A

Polysaccharides

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7
Q

Monosaccharides are

A

simple sugars

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8
Q

Monosaccharides form _____ in aqueous solutions

A

Rings

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9
Q

Monosaccharides are used…….

A

major fuel for cellular work, carbon skeleton serve as raw materials

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10
Q

Monosaccharide carbon skeleton used to synthesis

A

amino acids, fatty acids

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11
Q

dehydration of 2 monosaccharides forms

A

Disaccharide

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12
Q

The link between two monosaccharides is called

A

glycosidic linkage

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13
Q

polysaccharides serve as

A

storage material, building material for structures that protect the cell or whole organism

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14
Q

polysaccharides are hydrolized to form

A

sugars for cells

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15
Q

the architecture of polysaccharides is determined by

A

sugar monomers, the position of the glycosidic link

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16
Q

plants store starch as

A

granules within plastids

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17
Q

humans store polysaccharides as

A

glycogen

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18
Q

glycogen is stored in

A

liver and muscle cells

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19
Q

glycogen is extensively branched

A

more free ends for hydrolysis

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20
Q

classify sugars based on

A

location of carbonyl, size of carbon skeleton, arrangement around asymmetric carbon

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21
Q

lactose is….

A

glucose——galactose

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22
Q

lactose is digested by

A

lactase

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23
Q

lactose-intolerant people

A

eat food treated with lactase, taking the enzyme lactase

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24
Q

glucose is split into two groups

A

alpha, beta

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25
Q

starch contains ______ glucose

A

alpha

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26
Q

what is the shape of starch molecules

A

helical

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27
Q

starch molecules are helical to

A

efficiently store glucose units

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28
Q

cellulose molecules contain _______ glucose

A

beta

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29
Q

what is the shape of cellulose molecules

A

straight molecules

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30
Q

parallel cellulose molecules that hydrogen bond together are called

A

microfibrils

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31
Q

microfibrils are important because

A

for the production of paper and only component of cotton

32
Q

enzymes that digest alpha linkages

A

do not have the ability to digest beta linkages

33
Q

cellulose eliminated in humans as

A

feces

34
Q

why is cellulose important in the diet

A

abrades the wall of the digestive tract and stimulates the lining to produce mucus which aids in the smooth passage of food

35
Q

cows and termites for symbiotic relationships with

A

prokaryotes and protists in their gut

36
Q

prokaryotes and protists digest

A

cellulose

37
Q

The polysaccharide _____ is used by arthropods

A

chitin

38
Q

chitin is used to build

A

exoskeleton of arthropods

39
Q

fungi use chitin as

A

building material for their cell walls

40
Q

glucose monomer in chitin contains

A

nitrogen attachment

41
Q

lipids mix poorly with ______

A

water

42
Q

most important lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

43
Q

fats are made from

A

glycerols and 3 fatty acids

44
Q

glycerol and fatty acids are joined by

A

esters

45
Q

fats separate from water because

A

water forms hydrogen bonds with itself and exclude fats

46
Q

saturated fats are _____ at room temperature

A

solids

47
Q

unsaturated fats are _____ at room temperature

A

liquids

48
Q

unsaturated fats contain

A

kinks

49
Q

hydrogenating fats produce

A

saturated and trans fats

50
Q

fats are stored in

A

adipose cells

51
Q

adipose function as

A

cushion for vital organs, insulation

52
Q

what are major constituents of cell

membranes

A

phospholipids

53
Q

phospholipids are a glycerol, 2 fatty acids and

A

phosphate group

54
Q

phosphate groups are _____charged

A

negatively

55
Q

what allows the formation of a variety of phospholipids

that differ from each other is

A

small charged or polar molecules linked to the phosphate group

56
Q

The hydrocarbon tails are hydro-

A

phobic

57
Q

The phosphate group and its attachments are hydro-

A

philic

58
Q

when phospholipids are added to water they form

A

a bilayer that shields the tail from water

59
Q

steroids are characterized by having

A

four fused rings

60
Q

cholesterol is a type of steroid (T/F)

A

true

61
Q

cholesterol is synthesized in the

A

liver

62
Q

enzymes regulate metabolism by acting as

A

catalysts

63
Q

the funtion of catalysts is to

A

selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

64
Q

All proteins are constructed from the same

A

20 amino acids

65
Q

proteins are branched (T/F)

A

False

66
Q

The bond between amino acids is called

A

peptide link

67
Q

polymers of amino acids are called

A

polypeptides

68
Q

A protein is made from

A

one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

69
Q

The asymetric carbon in an amino acid is bonded to

A

an amino acid, carboxyl group, hydrogen and a variable group ‘R’

70
Q

cabonyl ends are reffered to as

A

C-terminus

71
Q

amino ends are reffered to as

A

N-terminus

72
Q

the specific activites of proteins result from their

A

3-D structure

73
Q

the sequence of amino acids determines the proteins

A

3-D structure

74
Q

A proteins ______ determines how it works

A

structure

75
Q

The functions of a proteins depends on its ability to _____ and _____ to other molecules

A

recognise and bind

General Biology 104 (1 decks)

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