The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

What are the 4 large molecules

Answer 1

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Question 2

Why do they have unique properties

Answer 2

Due to the orderly arrangement of their atoms

Question 3

Polymers are made of _______

Answer 3

Monomers

Question 4

Polymer to Monomers

Answer 4

Hydrolysis

Question 5

Monomers to Polymer

Answer 5

Dehydration

Question 6

Monosaccharides form

Answer 6

Polysaccharides

Question 7

Monosaccharides are

Answer 7

simple sugars

Question 8

Monosaccharides form _____ in aqueous solutions

Answer 8

Rings

Question 9

Monosaccharides are used…….

Answer 9

major fuel for cellular work, carbon skeleton serve as raw materials

Question 10

Monosaccharide carbon skeleton used to synthesis

Answer 10

amino acids, fatty acids

Question 11

dehydration of 2 monosaccharides forms

Answer 11

Disaccharide

Question 12

The link between two monosaccharides is called

Answer 12

glycosidic linkage

Question 13

polysaccharides serve as

Answer 13

storage material, building material for structures that protect the cell or whole organism

Question 14

polysaccharides are hydrolized to form

Answer 14

sugars for cells

Question 15

the architecture of polysaccharides is determined by

Answer 15

sugar monomers, the position of the glycosidic link

Question 16

plants store starch as

Answer 16

granules within plastids

Question 17

humans store polysaccharides as

Answer 17

glycogen

Question 18

glycogen is stored in

Answer 18

liver and muscle cells

Question 19

glycogen is extensively branched

Answer 19

more free ends for hydrolysis

Question 20

classify sugars based on

Answer 20

location of carbonyl, size of carbon skeleton, arrangement around asymmetric carbon

Question 21

lactose is….

Answer 21

glucose——galactose

Question 22

lactose is digested by

Answer 22

lactase

Question 23

lactose-intolerant people

Answer 23

eat food treated with lactase, taking the enzyme lactase

Question 24

glucose is split into two groups

Answer 24

alpha, beta

Question 25

starch contains ______ glucose

Answer 25

alpha

Question 26

what is the shape of starch molecules

Answer 26

helical

Question 27

starch molecules are helical to

Answer 27

efficiently store glucose units

Question 28

cellulose molecules contain _______ glucose

Answer 28

beta

Question 29

what is the shape of cellulose molecules

Answer 29

straight molecules

Question 30

parallel cellulose molecules that hydrogen bond together are called

Answer 30

microfibrils

Question 31

microfibrils are important because

Answer 31

for the production of paper and only component of cotton

Question 32

enzymes that digest alpha linkages

Answer 32

do not have the ability to digest beta linkages

Question 33

cellulose eliminated in humans as

Answer 33

feces

Question 34

why is cellulose important in the diet

Answer 34

abrades the wall of the digestive tract and stimulates the lining to produce mucus which aids in the smooth passage of food

Question 35

cows and termites for symbiotic relationships with

Answer 35

prokaryotes and protists in their gut

Question 36

prokaryotes and protists digest

Answer 36

cellulose

Question 37

The polysaccharide _____ is used by arthropods

Answer 37

chitin

Question 38

chitin is used to build

Answer 38

exoskeleton of arthropods

Question 39

fungi use chitin as

Answer 39

building material for their cell walls

Question 40

glucose monomer in chitin contains

Answer 40

nitrogen attachment

Question 41

lipids mix poorly with ______

Answer 41

water

Question 42

most important lipids

Answer 42

fats, phospholipids, steroids

Question 43

fats are made from

Answer 43

glycerols and 3 fatty acids

Question 44

glycerol and fatty acids are joined by

Answer 44

esters

Question 45

fats separate from water because

Answer 45

water forms hydrogen bonds with itself and exclude fats

Question 46

saturated fats are _____ at room temperature

Answer 46

solids

Question 47

unsaturated fats are _____ at room temperature

Answer 47

liquids

Question 48

unsaturated fats contain

Answer 48

kinks

Question 49

hydrogenating fats produce

Answer 49

saturated and trans fats

Question 50

fats are stored in

Answer 50

adipose cells

Question 51

adipose function as

Answer 51

cushion for vital organs, insulation

Question 52

what are major constituents of cell | membranes

Answer 52

phospholipids

Question 53

phospholipids are a glycerol, 2 fatty acids and

Answer 53

phosphate group

Question 54

phosphate groups are _____charged

Answer 54

negatively

Question 55

what allows the formation of a variety of phospholipids | that differ from each other is

Answer 55

small charged or polar molecules linked to the phosphate group

Question 56

The hydrocarbon tails are hydro-

Answer 56

phobic

Question 57

The phosphate group and its attachments are hydro-

Answer 57

philic

Question 58

when phospholipids are added to water they form

Answer 58

a bilayer that shields the tail from water

Question 59

steroids are characterized by having

Answer 59

four fused rings

Question 60

cholesterol is a type of steroid (T/F)

Answer 60

true

Question 61

cholesterol is synthesized in the

Answer 61

liver

Question 62

enzymes regulate metabolism by acting as

Answer 62

catalysts

Question 63

the funtion of catalysts is to

Answer 63

selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

Question 64

All proteins are constructed from the same

Answer 64

20 amino acids

Question 65

proteins are branched (T/F)

Answer 65

False

Question 66

The bond between amino acids is called

Answer 66

peptide link

Question 67

polymers of amino acids are called

Answer 67

polypeptides

Question 68

A protein is made from

Answer 68

one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

Question 69

The asymetric carbon in an amino acid is bonded to

Answer 69

an amino acid, carboxyl group, hydrogen and a variable group 'R'

Question 70

cabonyl ends are reffered to as

Answer 70

C-terminus

Question 71

amino ends are reffered to as

Answer 71

N-terminus

Question 72

the specific activites of proteins result from their

Answer 72

3-D structure

Question 73

the sequence of amino acids determines the proteins

Answer 73

3-D structure

Question 74

A proteins ______ determines how it works

Answer 74

structure

Question 75

The functions of a proteins depends on its ability to _____ and _____ to other molecules

Answer 75

recognise and bind