The Structure And Function Of The Musculoskeletal System B2.1

Question 1

What is the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

The skeleton and the muscles attached to it. It is made up of 206 bones

Question 2

What are joints?

Answer 2

Areas where two or more bones connect

Question 3

What does laterial mean?

Answer 3

Further or furthest from the midline

Question 4

What does medial mean?

Answer 4

Closer or closest to the midline

Question 5

What does anterior mean?

Answer 5

Towards the front of the body

Question 6

What does posterior mean?

Answer 6

Towards the back of the body

Question 7

What is your cranium?

Answer 7

Part of the skull that encloses the brain

Question 8

What is your vertebrae?

Answer 8

Makes up the spinal column

Question 9

What is the clavicle?

Answer 9

Makes up part of your shoulder girdle

Question 10

What is your sternum?

Answer 10

In the middle of the upper part of the chest

Question 11

What is the ribcage?

Answer 11

Consists of 12 ribs, spinal column and sternum

Question 12

What is the humerus?

Answer 12

Long bone on the upper arm

Question 13

What is the radius and ulna?

Answer 13

Two long bones on the forearm

Question 14

What is the pelvis?

Answer 14

Between the abdomen and thigh

Question 15

What is your femur?

Answer 15

Bone on the upper leg

Question 16

What is your tibia?

Answer 16

Larger and stronger bone of the two on the lower leg

Question 17

What is your fibula?

Answer 17

Posterior and laterial to the tibia

Question 18

What are the main types of bones?

Answer 18

• Flat bone (sternum)
• Long bone (femur)
• Short bone (cuneiforms)
• Irregular bone (vertebrae)
• Sesamoid bone (patella- small bone embedded within a tendon)

Question 19

What are the 3 types of joint?

Answer 19

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 20

What is the fibrous joint?

Answer 20

Also known as the immovable joint, where bones are fused together usually to create a structure eg skull

Question 21

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 21

Bones connected by relatively flexible cartilage that allows some degree of movement eg ribs can move during breathing

Question 22

What are synovial joints?

Answer 22

The most common type of joint flexible and moveable in a range of ways eg hip joint

Question 23

What are synovial joints made up with?

Answer 23

• Cartilage providing cushioning between bones
• Synovial capsule consisting of connective tissues containing synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the joint
• Ligaments hold the bones together while allowing a degree of movement and flexibility

Question 24

What is cartilage?

Answer 24

A type of connective tissue that contains collagen and the elastic protein elastin. It is more flexible than ligaments and tendons

Question 25

What is a ligament?

Answer 25

Made of connective tissues containing the protein collagen. Their function is to join bones and strengthen joints

Question 26

What are tendons?

Answer 26

They attach the muscles to the bones that make up the skeleton

Question 27

What are skeletal muscles?

Answer 27

Muscles attached to the skeleton involved in movement

Question 28

What are muscle fibres?

Answer 28

The individual muscle cells, containing many myofibrils responsible for muscle contraction. Muscle fibres are held together in bundles by a sheath of connective tissues and several of these bundles will make a singular muscle. Tendons at each end of the muscle attach it to bones.

Question 29

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 29

- Protects organs - Blood production in long bones that contain bone marrow - Mineral storage eg collagen, calcium phosphate etc - Movement and support

Question 30

Muscles contain two proteins involved in muscle contraction, these are?

Answer 30

Actin and Myosin make up the two types of muscle filament found in myofibrils

Question 31

Thick filaments contain..

Answer 31

Myosin

Question 32

Thin filaments contain..

Answer 32

Actin, as well as two other proteins

Question 33

What are sarcomeres?

Answer 33

Filaments being arranged in the myofibrils in a repeating pattern, this gives striated muscle its striped appearance

Question 34

When muscles contract, what happens to the sarcomeres?

Answer 34

They shorten and the fliaments slide over each other

Question 35

What is the structure of thin filaments?

Answer 35

Consist of long chains of actin molecules

Question 36

What is the structure of thick filaments?

Answer 36

Buddies of myosin molecules arranged so that the head groups protrude all around the bundle. These head groups bind to actin molecules

Question 37

What happens when the myosin head binds to the actin molecules?

Answer 37

A change in shape of the myosin head pulls the thin filament towards the centre of the Sarcomere. The myosin head then detaches and energy transferred from the hydrolysis of adenoisine triphosphatw (ATP) is used to change the myosin head back to its original shape ready to bind to another actin molecule. This process is repeated many times, leading to shortening of the Sarcomere, the muscle contracts.