The Structure Of the Cardio- Respiratory System

Question 1

Trachea

Answer 1

(Or windpipe)

Carries air from mouth to nose to the lungs

Question 2

Bronchi

Answer 2

Carries air from the trachea into the lungs

Question 3

Bronchioles

Answer 3

Carry air from bronchi to the alveoli

Question 4

Lungs

Answer 4

Pair of large, spongy organs optimised for gas exchange between our blood and the air.

Question 5

Alveoli

Answer 5

Many tiny air sacs in lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange

Question 6

Haemoglobin

Answer 6

The red pigment found in red blood cells.
The haemoglobin in the red blood carries oxygen to the muscles.
Carbon dioxide is also carried in the red blood cells, then diffused out.

Question 7

Oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 7

When oxygen diffuses into the blood the oxygen combines with haemoglobin, forming oxyhaemoglobin

Question 8

Why does oxygen need to diffuse into the blood?

Answer 8

So it can be pumped around the body.

The concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveoli than the blood in the capillaries.

Question 9

Gaseous Exchange

Answer 9

Takes place at the lungs by diffusion
The gases carbon dioxide and oxygen move down a concentration gradient from a high concentration to a low concentration.
The oxygen in the alveoli that is at a relatively high concentration diffuses in to the blood on the capillaries where the blood concentration is lower. The oxygen that diffuses out is replaced by the air we breathe in.
The blood in the capillaries has a relatively high carbon dioxide concentration so diffuses into the alveoli where the concentration of CO2 is lower and is then eventually breathed out.

Question 10

Breathing- First stage of the process

Answer 10

Inspiration- intake of air into the lungs
Breathing muscles contract- intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Chest cavity increase in size and volume
Air from higher pressure outside the lungs to the lungs to lower pressure inside the lungs
Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten

Question 11

Breathing- second stage of the process

Answer 11

Expiration- breathing muscles relax
Diaphragm returns to its dome-shape and chest volume decreases
Reduction in chest cavity size- increases the pressure of the air in the lungs, causing it to be exhaled.
Air from high pressure in the lungs to low pressure in the bronchi and trachea

Question 12

Breathing during exercise

Answer 12

Breathing rate increases during exercise
Body needs more O2 for working muscles.
Muscle cells using up more O2- lungs have to work hard and keep up supply.
Breathe more quickly and deeply.
Respiratory system speeds up to meet demand and get rid of CO2 waste.

Question 13

Inspiration during exercise

Answer 13

Process assisted by the contraction of the pectoral and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Further increase the size of the chest cavity- allow more air to enter the lungs

Question 14

Expiration during exercise

Answer 14

Process assisted by the concentration of the abdominal muscles.
Help force air out of the lungs.
Speed up expiration.

Question 15

Lung Volumes

Answer 15

Measuring lung volumes:

Spirometer- chamber filled with O2 that floats on a tank of water

Question 16

Vital capacity

Answer 16

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

Question 17

Abdominal muslces

Answer 17

The muscles which help force air out of the lungs and so speed up expiration

Question 18

Tidal Volume

Answer 18

The volume of air breathed in (or out ) during a normal breath at rest

Question 19

Expiratory reserve volume(ERV)

Answer 19

The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

Question 20

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 20

The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

Question 21

Residual volume

Answer 21

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration

Question 22

Artery

Answer 22

Blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart

Question 23

Vein

Answer 23

Blood vessel carrying blood to the heart from the lungs

Question 24

Capillaries

Answer 24

Allow gaseous exchange to happen

Link the veins and arteries

Question 25

Vasconstriction

Answer 25

Reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce blood flow to tissues

Question 26

Vasodilation

Answer 26

Increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues

Question 27

Atria

Answer 27

Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood from veins

Question 28

Ventricles

Answer 28

Lower chambers of the heart which pump blood out the heart to the arteries

Question 29

Cardiac cycle

Answer 29

Sequence of events that occur when the heart beats

Question 30

Systole

Answer 30

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

Question 31

Diastole

Answer 31

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

Question 32

Cardsic Output

Answer 32

Represents the volume of oxygenated blood that is delivered to the body. The volume of blood that the heart is able to pump around the body per minute Usually measured in litres per minute Stroke volume x heart rate

Question 33

Major factors of cardiac output

Answer 33

Heart rate- number of times times the heart beats per minute Stroke volume- the volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction - can be increased by the heart contracting with more force and so pushing more blood out with each beat

Question 34

During diastole

Answer 34

The heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood

Question 35

During systole

Answer 35

The ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries