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History > The Stuarts > Flashcards

The Stuarts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the Stuart monarchs?

A
  1. James I
  2. Charles I
  3. Oliver Cromwell
  4. Charles II
  5. James II
  6. William III and Mary II
  7. Anne
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2
Q

What is royal prerogative?

A

Monarchs had almost unrestricted power and controlled a personal monarchy.

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3
Q

What is the Divine Right of Kings?

A

Belief that Monarchs were chosen to be on the throne by God and were answerable to no one except God.

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4
Q

When did James I rule?

A

1603 - 1625

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5
Q

When did Charles I rule?

A

1625 - 1649

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6
Q

What was Tonnage and Poundage? (Tension)

A

Charles I changed taxes and Parliament agreed to it for 1 year as they did not trust Charles which caused tension between king and Parliament.

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7
Q

Who was Duke of Buckingham? (Tension)

A

He was a favourite of James and Charles, had heavy influence over Charles (arranged marriage to Henrietta Maria) and was not approved of by Parliament

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8
Q

Who was Henrietta Maria? (Tension)

A

Married May 1625 - Charles’ Catholic wife (married not too long after Gunpowder plot 5 November 1605 where Catholic’s tried to kill James I) Parliament didn’t approve as majority were Puritan.

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9
Q

What was Charles I’s religion? (Tension)

A

Arminian - Protestant but similar to Catholic, meant he saw Catholics as misguided, many in Parliament being Puritan feared Charles wanted to make England Catholic again.

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10
Q

What was the Five Knights Case? (Tension)

A

Charles needed money and demanded a forced loan from people, threatening to arrest or conscript anyone who refused.
November 1627 - 5 men challenged Charles right to imprison them but judges backed Charles - established Charles’ rule if tyranny which Parliament had to stop.

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11
Q

What was the impact of the Five Knights Case? (Tension)

A

Records were altered to state Charles had general right to imprison without trial
5 knights released in 1628 - caused greater tension when Parliament discovered the faked case records.

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12
Q

What was the Petition of Right?

A

1628 - Because of 5 knights case - Parliament decided to lay out rights of people that king could not overrule.
An attempt to limit Charles’ power as P knew he couldn’t be trusted.

King accepted 7 June 1628 - initially refused (more distrust) but needed money for foreign policy.

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13
Q

What happened after the Petition of Right? (Tension)

A

August 1628 - P complained about Buckingham + tonnage and poundage - issued a Remonstrance (list of grievances)
Charles suspended P - during break Buckingham assassinated and public celebrations took place - Charles blamed P’s negative portrayal of Buckingham for his death and massively worsened their relationship leading to Charles’ personal rule

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14
Q

When was Charles’ Personal Rule?

A

(March) 1629 - 1640

Began after dissolving Parliament because of the three resolutions.

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15
Q

How did Charles raise money without Parliament?

A

Continued tonnage and poundage from 1631 to 1635 earning £270,000 per year.
By end of 1630s - £425,000 per year (inflation)

Distraint of Knighthood - Anyone without a knighthood holding land or earning £40 per year or more was fined - by 1635 raised nearly £175,000.

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16
Q

What was the Star Chamber? (Changing Parliament)

A

Held cases in secret and was made up of privy councillors selected by monarch.

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17
Q

What was the Act of Revocation?

A

October 1625 - Charles wanted to align Presbyterian churches with Church of England so land was taken off Scottish landowners to support church in Scotland.

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18
Q

What was the Court of High Commission?

A

Chief court of church used by William Laud to enforce conformity.

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19
Q

What was Laudianism and Puritanism?

A

Arminianism but influenced by William Laud.

Puritanism is a strict Protestant.

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20
Q

What was enforcement of Laudianism?

A

Charles wanted to convert Presbyterian Scotland (Puritan) into Laudianism which had less emphasis on the Bible and more on ceremony and ritual.

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21
Q

When was coronation of Scotland?

A

18 June 1633 - Charles hadn’t been there since 1625 - many offended and given bad impression as he chose different site.

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22
Q

What happened when a new prayer book was introduced?

A

1637 - when the new prayer book was read in St Giles cathedral a conflict was triggered - sparking a Scottish rebellion and the start of the 1st bishops war in 1639.

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23
Q

What was the Scottish National Covenant?

A

Members who supported Scotland and were united against Charles by uniting an army.

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24
Q

What was the Trice of Berwick?

A

19 June 1639 - Charles wanted a meeting and that both armies would disband as he was underprepared but Covenanters refused.

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25
Q

What was the Short Parliament?

A

Charles recalled Thomas Wentworth (Earl of Strafford), Lord deputy in Ireland and he advised Charles should call P to raise money to fight.

P was recalled 13 April 1640
P was dismissed 5 May 1640

Charles failed to compromise with short P so only lasted 3 weeks.

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26
Q

What was the Treaty of Ripon?

A

The Scots crossed the river Tweed and entered England in August 1640 and took Newcastle.
In October 1640 it was signed - agreed to pay for Scottish army’s living costs while in England.
Marked the end of the Second Bishops war - Charles had to recall P once again in order to pay.

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27
Q

What was the Anti Court Consensus?

A

Majority of MP’s who assembled in November 1640 who agreed that the courts policies had to be stopped.
Such as:

Laudian changes
laud and Strafford 
Dictatorship
Ship money 
Star Chamber

They didn’t actually agree about what they wanted only what they didn’t. Marked the beginning of Long parliament.

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28
Q

When was Long Parliament in place?

A

(November) 1640 - 1660

29
Q

What was the Act of Attainder? (Changes LP made)

A

March - April 1641
Strafford was charged with treason without trial by Pym (leader of House of Commons) Charles agreed to it which shows he is vulnerable and weak)

30
Q

What happened to Star Chamber and Court of High Commission?

A

They were abolished, alongside ship money and Distraint of Knighthood made illegal.

31
Q

What was the Triennial Act?

A

15 February 1641

Parliament must be called no later than 3 years after a dissolution - removed royal prerogative.

32
Q

What is Perpetual Parliament?

A

May 1641 - Parliament could not be dissolved by king, only by its own consent.

33
Q

What was the Ten Propositions?

A

June 1641
This was a request that P could choose the king’s ministers and to remove some of the King’s power and prevent him from having favourites.

34
Q

What were Constitutional Royalists?

A

True Conservatives who believed the king must be trusted.
Charles’ popularity grew in Autumn 1641, represented stability when unauthorised preaching + religious radicals were growing.

35
Q

What was the Grand Remonstrance?

A

Pym drew up Grand Remonstrance which was a desperate measure which demanded laws against Roman Catholics should be strictly enforced. Would allow House of Commons to remove King’s ministers and employ who they want.

Sign of weakness from Pym as it was propaganda for revolutionary demands and caused break up of anti court consensus.

36
Q

What was the Irish Rebellion?

A

October 1641 - March 1642
Irish Catholics rebelled when Wentworth left - felt threatened by Scottish and English puritan alliance
Charles didn’t refuse rebellion instead appointed Thomas Lunsford (soldier) as the govenor of Tower of London but then cancelled the appointment.
Showed he thought about military coup and that he could be forced to back down.
Strengthened Pym’s position.

37
Q

What was the 5 Member’s Coup?

A

January 5, 1642
Pym. Hampden. Strode, Heselridge and Holles were going to be impeached by Charles when he sent 300 troops to House of Commons but they left.
He wanted to arrest them for treason as he thought his wife was going to be impeached.
MAde Civil War more likely as MPs were now on Pym’s side and King left London.

38
Q

What was the Militia Ordinance and Commission of Array?

A

March 1642
P could appoint military commanders without approval of King.

June 1642
Allowed Charles to build his own army by naming the men in each part of the country who he believed would support his cause.

39
Q

What was the Nineteen Propositions?

A 
June 1642
Reduced more of King's powers
Control of armed forces
choice of ministers
foreign policy 
education and marriage of his children
40
Q

When did the first Civil War begin?

A

King declares war on P 22 August 1642 as a response to the limitations of his powers from 19 propositions.
1642 - 1646 (4 years) Parliament won.

41
Q

What was the New Model Army?

A

February 1645
Based on meritocracy - choosing more able-bodied people.
Thomas Fairfax leader - used new tactics - attacked flanks to avoid musketeers of Royalist army

42
Q

What were some of the radical groups in the 1640s?

A

The Levellers -
wanted extended franchise and House of Commons to have all powers.
Used petitions, pamphlets and newspapers.

Independency -
Believed in national church but without powers to make people attend. Opposed by Presbytarians + Anglicans but supported by Oliver Cromwell.

43
Q

When was the Second Civil War?

A

1648-49 - More of a series of uprisings rather than one war.

44
Q

What was the Solemn Engagement?

A

Army Council represented all parts of the army - reached an agreement on 29 May 1647 that they would not disband until terms were agreed on with Parliament.

45
Q

What were the Newcastle Propositions?

A

1646 - Charles was handed to P by the Scots and then had to sign off on Newcastle propositions:
Presbyterianism established in England
Anglican church + Bishops abolished
P had control over the armed forces for 20 years.

46
Q

What was the Declaration of the Army?

A

The army demanded Parliament set a date for its dissolution as the leading Presbyterians were opponents of the army

47
Q

What was the Heads of proposals - army’s offer to King?

A

Charles prolonged negotiations 2 errors:

Religious toleration was best offer as Anglican Church would survive - others would introduce Presbyterianism

The army had the power and could block agreements.

48
Q

What was the Case for the Army Truly Stated?

A

Leveller ideas became more popular in the army and Ireton and Cromwell demanded from P

election every 2 years
all men over 21 could vote
All power - ‘in the whole body of the people’

49
Q

What were the Putney Debates?

A

Held at Putney Church - Levellers in army discussed future constitution - agitators against Ireton and Cromwell who have conservative political instincts did not allow sweeping reform.

50
Q

What was the Agreement of the People?

A

Continued Leveller Arguments:

Biennial parliaments 
No authority above P
Nobody forced to do military service
all equal in eyes of the law
Constituencies - same size 
present P to be dissolved on 31 December 1648
51
Q

What was the Vote of No Addresses?

A

17 January 1648 - After Charles escaped from army custody P agreed they would no longer negotiate with King. This reunited Army and P becaue of prospect of another Civil war.

52
Q

How did the Second Civil War go?

A

Royalist uprisings failed because of lack of coordination, Scottish invasion was stopped by Cromwell in August 1648.
Was then imprisoned by Cromwell’s cousin Robin Hammond.

53
Q

Why was the Vote of No Addresses repealed?

A

September 1648
P decided to negotiate with the king again because he didn’t agree with the army’s calls for religious toleration and the gap between Presbyterians and independents in P widened.

54
Q

How did army respond to the vote of no addresses being repealed?

A

They were furious, wanted to put Charles on trial to be executed.

55
Q

What was Pride’s Purge?

A

December 6 1648
Colonel Thomas Pride stood at doors of HoC to stop 110 MPs who were likely to vote against a trial
another 250 withdrew
60 remaining agreed

56
Q

What happened at Charles’ trial and execution?

A

20th January 1649 - Charles refused to speak as he believed no court had authority over him.
30th January 1649 - Charles I executed.

57
Q

What was the Commonwealth?

A

1649 - 1660 - England became a republic ruled by P. In 1653 Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector.

58
Q

What was the Rump?

A

The P set up after Charles’ execution - made up of MPs who backed execution.
Army wanted political reform from the Rump but were refused.
Ignored all recommendations, were self-interested like Charles, and didn’t like religious toleration.
Also planned to remove Cromwell as Commander in Chief.
20 April 1653 - Rump forcibly removed.

59
Q

What was the Barebones Parliament?

A

Nominated assembly from Army’s Council of Officers - many feared it was dominated by religious extremists - feared country heading for chaos.
Moderates voted P out of existence.

60
Q

What was the Protectorate?

A

1653 - 1658 - a state ruled by the Lord protector (Cromwell)

61
Q

What is a regicide regime?

A

A regime set up after the killing of a monarch.

62
Q

What did the Instrument of Government state?

A

Lord Protector would be Head of State
Every male over 21 with land or goods worth £200 should vote.
Religious toleration except Anglicans + Catholics.

63
Q

Why did Royalists oppose the Protectorate?

A

Republicans - Heselridge, Scot, Vane, and Ludlow were opposed to any single person gov.
Never forgave Cromwell’s military coup against Rump.

64
Q

What was the Church like in the Protectorate?

A

Anglicans + Roman Catholics were allowed freedom of worship
1655 - Jews readmitted to England.
Ranters + Quakers were persecuted despite Cromwell trying to prevent it.
Puritan Church.

65
Q

How was the army under the Protectorate?

A

P refused to pay for army of over 50k wanted it cut down to 30k
Cromwell wanted to reduce the cost but couldn’t remove 20k people at once - gradually.

66
Q

What was the Major Generals Experiment?

A

Split England into 11 districts with 11 Generals:
Set up a reliable militia
Enforced poor law
Kept known Royalists under supervision.

Alienated traditional gentry from Prectorate as they resented their local power being taken away by soldiers.

67
Q

Why did Cromwell refuse the crown?

A

1657 - Army would never accept kingship again
Hypocrisy to accept crown - prime mover behind the execution of the king.
Believed kingship from God was corrupt.

68
Q

Why was there little stability at Cromwell’s death?

A

Didn’t prepare his son Richard to succeed him.

69
Q

When did Charles II rule?

A

1660 - 1685

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