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CGIER - MCQ > The Systematic Circulation, Blood Vessels, and Capillary Networks > Flashcards

The Systematic Circulation, Blood Vessels, and Capillary Networks Flashcards

1
Q

Open systems are systems in which…

A

the heart pumps blood to the tissues in closed arteries, without a venous return.

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2
Q

Closed systems are systems in which…

A

blood never leaves the vessels.

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3
Q

What are the five fluid systems in the body?

A
  1. Blood Vascular System;
  2. Lymphatic System;
  3. Cerebrospinal Fluid;
  4. Coelomic / Peritoneal Fluid
  5. Interstitial Fluid.
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4
Q

The two main functions of the blood system is to:

A
  1. Transport to the cells the materials necessary for their metabolism and synthesis
  2. The transportation away of the waste products of cell activity
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5
Q

____________ and _____________ must be supplied to the cells and _____________ and _______________ removed.

A

Oxygen and nutrients; carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes

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6
Q

Blood vessels are the structures that ____________; in mammals these are divided into _________________ (Hint: 3 things)

A

carry out transport; arteries, capillaries, and veins

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7
Q

How would you list the direction of transport in the blood vascular system?

A

Aorta –> arteries –> arterioles –> metarterioles –> arterial capillaries –> venous capillaries –> venules –> veins –> Vena Cava

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8
Q

The walls of arteries and veins have three layer, what are they?

A

Tunica Intima; Tunica Media; Tunica Adventitia/ Externa

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9
Q

In large arteries such as the aorta there is little…

A

muscle in the media and it mostly consists of sheets of elastic tissue.

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10
Q

Medium sized arteries have lots of…

A

smooth muscle in the media.

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11
Q

Nerve supply from the sympathetic nervous system enabling…

A

the control of blood flow.

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12
Q

Veins are similar to arteries in structure, but the walls are…

A

thinner and have less smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

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13
Q

Medium sized veins have ______ in the ________.

A

Valves, lumen

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14
Q

Both large arteries and veins have their own blood supply called the…

A

Vasa vasorum

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15
Q

Capillaries, the smallest vessels, are formed of…

A

a single layer of endothelial cells, 8-10m thick, without any smooth muscle.

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16
Q

It is rare for any cell to be more than _________ from a capillary.

A

20-30 micrometers

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17
Q

Capillaries tend to be arranged in…

A

capillary beds

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18
Q

Only about ____ of blood volume is in the capillaries at a time.

A

5%

19
Q

The arteriole divides into a number of…

A

met-arterioles which do not have a continuous smooth muscle coat.

20
Q

Blood passes through the met-arterioles and enterers the capillary bed via the

A

precapillary sphincters

21
Q

What can precapillary sphincters do?

A

These can close off the circulation to the capillary bed.

22
Q

Blood does not flow continuously through the capillary beds because…

A

in most organs only a small number of capillaries are filled.

23
Q

Besides the capillary beds, direct connections called _____________________ shunt blood rapidly from the arterial to venous side.

A

preferential channels or arteriovenous anastomoses

24
Q

Most cells obtain their nutrient and oxygen requirements via the…

A

Interstitial fluid

25
Q

The blood volume is about 8% body weight: typically…

A

5-6 L male and 4-5 L female

26
Q

Vasomotion is a __________________ of contraction and relaxation of the precapillary sphincters.

A

rhythmic myogenic activity

27
Q

True or False: The met-arterioles and precapillary sphincters are not innervated.

A

True

28
Q

The oxygen levels in local tissues are autoregulated. How would this be explained in regards to the level of O2?

A

Decreased O2 → smooth muscle relaxation, increased O2 → smooth muscle contraction.

29
Q

Blood consists of two main fractions –

A

fluid plasma and blood cells

30
Q

Plasma is a watery fluid containing about…

A

8% solids (protein is 7%) and 92% water

31
Q

Major blood vessels (e.g. arteries) are water-tight and therefore…

A

fluid cannot leak out them.

32
Q

However, considerable quantities of the liquid portion of the plasma leave the arterial capillaries due to…

A

the pressure of the fluid in the capillary (‘capillary hydrostatic pressure’ = blood pressure).

33
Q

This liquid enters the interstitial space and is then called…

A

interstitial fluid

34
Q

The capillaries behave as if they are ‘porous’; and they do have…

A

pores/fenestrae

35
Q

_________________ substances leave the capillary.

A

Water and also small molecular sized

36
Q

Most proteins cannot escape due to size of the pores, but some do leave probably by ______________.

A

pinocytosis

37
Q

Instead, most of the filtered fluid is absorbed back into the capillaries due to the…

A

osmotic pressure of proteins in the plasma.

38
Q

The filtration and absorption of fluid across the capillary wall is known as…

A

fluid exchange.

39
Q

Four pressures are involved in the fluid exchange with the capillary bed. Inside the capillary there are 2 opposing pressures which are ____________________________________. Outside the capillary (within the tissue) there are 2 additive pressures which are ______________________________.

A

Inside capillary:

  1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure, 25 mmHg -tends to force fluid out.
    Is different in arterial or venous capillaries
  2. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure, 28 mmHg - pulls fluid back in.

Outside capillary:

  1. Interstitial fluid pressure, 6.3 mmHg - [negative] sucks fluid out.
  2. Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure, 5 mmHg - fluid out.
40
Q

Net body filtration rate =

A

1.7 - 3.5 ml/min or 2.5 - 5.0 litres/day.

41
Q

Diffusion occurs in both directions and is estimated for the entire body capillary network at…

A

240 litres/minute

42
Q

Net loss 10% total volume, passes into…

A

lymphatic system.

43
Q

Net filtration pressure is the…

A

tendency for plasma to leave the blood at the arterial end of a capillary = 8.3 mmHg

44
Q

Diffusion is the most important process for trans-capillary exchange of…

A

solutes and solvents.

CGIER - MCQ (4 decks)

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