The theoretical theory of Wundt and James

Question 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 1

1850-1900
Challenged the theory of association: mental processes = association (passive processes) + apperception (active processes, executive control)
apperception is missing, experimental approach and Non-experimental approach

Question 2

Apperception

Answer 2

executive control, active processes. Mental processes proceed via association and non-associative mechanism (=apperception)
The process of understanding something perceived in terms of previous experience (introspection)

Question 3

J. Catell

Answer 3

1850-1900

reading goes faster than naming colours

Question 4

Wundt: frequency distributions of reaction times

Answer 4

Reflexive (automatic)
Apperceptive (attentive)
Mixed (natural distribution)

Question 5

Experimental approach

Answer 5

Wundt: using introspection and measurement of reaction time (Donders)

Question 6

Non-experimental approach

Answer 6

using comparitive research and logical analysis for complex mental processes

Question 7

Ebbinghaus

Answer 7

1850-1900

nonsense syllables, forgetting curve. The rate of forgetting decreases with time

Question 8

G. Müller (1850-1900)

Answer 8

Consolidation: explanation of retroactive memory interference, the forgetting curve, retrograde amnesia

Question 9

Hall

Answer 9

1850-1900

Child study movement

Question 10

Ribot

Answer 10

Ribot’s law: memory consolidation by the hippocampus

Question 11

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 11

1950-now

impairment in declarative memory in temporal lobe

Question 12

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 12

1950-now

procedural memory in basal ganglia and frontal lobe

Question 13

Depression

Answer 13

1950-now

emotional memory in amygdala impaired

Question 14

Külpe & Watt

Answer 14

1900-1950

Directed association: mental set and imageless thought

Question 15

mental set

Answer 15

in their introspections, the task instruction steers someone into an appropriate response

Question 16

Imageless thought

Answer 16

on many trials, there were no mental images mediating the response

Question 17

Posner and Raichle

Answer 17

1950-now
using of PET brain imaging. Blood flow increase in anterior cingulate cortex in Stroop task. Dorsal cognitive and ventral emotional

Question 18

G. Müller vs. Selz

Answer 18

Müller: associative theory of goal-directed association

Selz: symbolic/procedural theory of goal directed association. IF-THEN rules

Question 19

Selz

Answer 19

1900-1950

symbolic/procedural theory of goal directed association. IF-THEN rules

Question 20

Miller and Cohen

Answer 20

1950-now

theory similar to Müller about associative theory

Question 21

Roelofs

Answer 21

1950-now

Proposed a theory similar to Selz

Question 22

W. James

Answer 22

1850-1900
selective attention and habit: refers to executive control and the strongest association. Selective attention has a survival value

Question 23

Selective attention

Answer 23

helps us steer our behavior in accordance with our goals

Question 24

Habits

Answer 24

they allow for fast responding at low metabolic costs

Question 25

Mary Calkins

Answer 25

1850-1900 | paired associations

Question 26

Posner and Rothbart

Answer 26

``` 1950-now three networks for attention: - Alerting: reach and maintain attention - Orienting: move focus - Executive control: goal-direct & respond ```

Question 27

Titchener

Answer 27

1900-1950 | Structuralism

Question 28

Structuralism

Answer 28

structural content of the mind. Tried to reduce consciousness by instrospection

Question 29

Angell

Answer 29

1900-1950 | Functionalism

Question 30

Functionalism

Answer 30

mental operations and their neurobiological underpinnings

Question 31

Robert Woodworth

Answer 31

1900-1950 Columbia bible Independent and dependent variables

Question 32

Herbert Simon

Answer 32

1950-now return to introspection: tower of Hanoi and tower of London in clinics. return to Selz: control by procedural knowledge

Question 33

John Stroop

Answer 33

1900-1950 color-word tasks for studying executive control. Most difficult in reading words in wrong color