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A&P After Midterm Saint > The Tissue Level > Flashcards

The Tissue Level Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with a common embryological origin that function together to do specialized activities

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2
Q

What is histology?

A

the science that study the tissues

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3
Q

What are the tissues of the body?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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4
Q

How do the cells within tissues remain anchored to other cells or structures?

A

by points of contact called cell junctions

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5
Q

What are the types of cell junctions?

A

tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap

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6
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

web-like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse adjacent membranes, it prevents the passage of substances between the cells

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7
Q

What is an adherens junction?

A

transmembrane proteins and microfilaments form a dense layer of protein on the inside of the membrane called the plaque, resists separation of cells during contractile activites

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8
Q

What connects the plaques in an adherens junction, what does it form?

A

glycoproteins called cadherins on both cells connect the plaques and from the adhesion belt

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9
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

similar to adherens junctions but the plaque does not attach to microfilaments, the plaque attaches to the intermediate filaments, weld-like

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10
Q

What is the strongest cell junction?

A

desmosomes, weld like junctions are the strongest and prevent cells separation under tension during contraction

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11
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

half a desmosome, glycoproteins are integrins not cadherins, they anchor cells to the basement membrane, not to each other

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12
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

the plasma membranes are not fused (there is a gap in between), connexin proteins form fluid-filled channels in between the cells called connexeons

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13
Q

What are connexons?

A

connexin proteins forming a fluid filled channel between cells in gap junctions

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14
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A

for physical intercellular communications

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15
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

the covering and lining tissues for surfaces, cavities, and ducts, also forms glands

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16
Q

What are the general features of epithelial tissue?

A

densely packed and arranged in sheets, many cell junctions, mitosis occurs frequently, attach to and supported by a basement membrane, is avascular but it does have a nerve supply, selective barrier, provide protective and secretory surfaces for the body, combine with nervous tissue to form special organs

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17
Q

What special organs can be formed when epithelial tissues combine with nervous tissue?

A

smell, hearing, vision, touch

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18
Q

What is an apical surface?

A

epithelial tissues always have this free surface that may contain cilia

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19
Q

What is a basal surface?

A

on epithelial tissue that is adhered to a basement membrane

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20
Q

What is a basement membrane?

A

a thin extracellular layer composed of basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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21
Q

What is the basal lamina of the basement membrane?

A

part of the hemidesmosome, made of proteins secreted by epithelial cells: laminin, collagen

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22
Q

What is the reticular lamina of the basement membrane?

A

made of collagen secreted by the fibroblasts of the connective tissue underneath

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23
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

A

attaches and supports the overlying cells, provides surface for cell migration in growing and healing, restrict the passage of large molecules (filtration of blood in kidneys)

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24
Q

True or false: epithelial tissue has its own blood supply that supports the connective tissue underneath

A

False: has no blood supply, requires support from the connective tissue underneath

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25
Q

How are substances exchanged between the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue underneath?

A

exchanged by diffusion through the basement membrane

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26
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

covering epithelium, glandular epithelium

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27
Q

True or false: glands are always formed by 3 or more cells

A

false: a gland can be a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

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28
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

a gland that is a single cell

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29
Q

Where do glandular cells lie?

A

in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium

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30
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

exocrine and endocrine

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31
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secretes into ducts, onto surfaces

32
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secretes hormones into the blood in the absence of ducts

33
Q

True or false: some glands contain both exocrine and endocrine tissues

A

True, the Pancreas

34
Q

give an example of an exocrine gland

A

Sweat gland

35
Q

What type of exocrine glands are the most common?

A

Multicellular exocrine glands. Simple Tubular, Acinar or Branched Acinar

36
Q

What do unicellular exocrine glands do?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucus onto the apical surface

37
Q

What is the structural classification of exocrine glands

A 
1. Simple gland:
Duct does not branch
• Tubular glands
• Coiled or branched Tubular glands
• Branched Acinar (alveolar)
2. Compound gland:
Duct branches
• Tubular glands
• Acinar (alveolar)
• Tubulo-acinar gland
38
Q

What is the function classification of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Merocrine glands (most common type)
    • Release substances by exocytosis
  2. Apocrine glands
    • The apical portion of the cell is released by exocytosis
  3. Holocrine glands
    • The entire cell ruptures and becomes the secretion
39
Q

What is the most common type of functional classification of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Merocrine glands (most common type)

• Release substances by exocytosis

40
Q

What do merocrine glands do?

A

• Release substances by exocytosis

41
Q

What do apocrine glands do?

A

The apical portion of the cell is released by exocytosis

42
Q

What do holocrine glands do?

A

The entire cell ruptures and becomes the secretion

43
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete the hormones into the blood stream in the absence of a duct

44
Q

What are the major endocrine glands in the body?

A

Pineal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Thymus, Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovary/Testes

45
Q

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

A

The Connective Tissues

Connects, binds, supports, stores energy, and provides immunity

46
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Connects, binds, supports, stores energy, and provides immunity

47
Q

True or false: connective tissue always occurs in body surfaces

A

Do not occur in body surfaces

48
Q

Connective tissue is highly vascular except in ___________ and ________

A

cartilage and tendons

49
Q

Connective tissue is well nerve supplied except in ______________

A

cartilage

50
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Two types of cells:

  1. Immature
  2. Mature
51
Q

What are the two types of cells in connective tissue?

A
  1. Immature

2. Mature

52
Q

Describe immature cells in connective tissue. Give three examples

A

Capable of reproducing and secreting the matrix: suffix–blast
• Fibroblasts
• Chondroblasts
• Osteoblasts

53
Q

Describe mature cells. Give three examples

A

Reduced capacity for reproduction and matrix secretion: suffix -cyte
• Fibrocytes
• Chondrocytes
• Osteocytes

54
Q

What are the six cells of connective tissues?

A
  1. Fibroblasts:
    • Present in all general connective tissues
    • The most numerous
    • Secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix
2. Macrophages:
• Develop from monocytes (a WBC)
• Two types:
1. Fixed macrophages
2. Wandering macrophages
  1. Plasma cells:
    • Developed from the B lymphocytes
    • Secrete the antibodies
  2. Mast cells:
    • Abundant alongside blood vessels of connective tissue
    • Produce and release histamine
    • Can ingest and kill bacteria
  3. Adipocytes:
    • Fat cells, store the triglycerides
  4. Leukocytes:
    • Neutrophils: present in infections
    • Eosinophils: present in allergic responses and parasitic infections
55
Q

What are the characteristics of fibroblasts?

A

Present in all general connective tissues
• The most numerous
• Secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix

56
Q

What are the characteristics of macrophages

A

Develop from monocytes (a WBC)
• Two types:
1. Fixed macrophages
2. Wandering macrophages

57
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma cells?

A

Developed from the B lymphocytes

• Secrete the antibodies

58
Q

What are the characteristics of mast cells?

A

Abundant alongside blood vessels of connective tissue
• Produce and release histamine
• Can ingest and kill bacteria

59
Q

What are the characteristics of adipocytes?

A

Fat cells, store the triglycerides

60
Q

What are the characteristics of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils: present in infections

• Eosinophils: present in allergic responses and parasitic infections

61
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of connective tissue consist of?

A
  1. Ground substance

2. Fibers

62
Q

The ground substance of the matrix may be _____, _____, ______, or _____

A

fluid, semifluid, gel, or calcified

63
Q

What are the functions of the ground substance of the matrix?

A
  • Supports and binds cells
  • Stores water
  • Medium for substance exchange
64
Q

What does the ground substance of the matrix contain?

A

Contains water and many organic molecules

65
Q

What are the organic molecules in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

Glycoaminoglycans (GAGs):
• They trap water and make the ground substance jellylike

Hyaluronic acid:
• Lubricates joints, helps maintain the shape of eyeball
• WBCs, sperm, and some bacteria produce hyaluronidase helping them move
easier in connective tissues

Chondroitin sulfate:
• Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

66
Q

What do glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) do in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

They trap water and make the ground substance jellylike

67
Q

What does hyaluronic acid do in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

Lubricates joints, helps maintain the shape of eyeball
• WBCs, sperm, and some bacteria produce hyaluronidase helping them move
easier in connective tissues

68
Q

What do chondroitin sulfate do in the ground substance of the matrix?

A

Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

69
Q

What are the functions of fibers in connective tissue?

A

Fibers function strengthening and supporting connective tissues

70
Q

What are the three kinds of fibres in connective tissues?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Elastic fibers
  3. Reticular fibers
71
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen is the most abundant

protein in the body (25% of total)

72
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen fibres?

A

In cartilage and bones:
• Form association with surrounding molecules
• In cartilage, collagen is surrounded by water, giving it cushioning effect

In dense connective tissues:
• Occur in parallel bundles
• Add tensile strength to the tissue

73
Q

What do collagen fibres do in cartilage and bones?

A

Form association with surrounding molecules

• In cartilage, collagen is surrounded by water, giving it cushioning effect

74
Q

What do collagen fibers do in dense connective tissues?

A

Occur in parallel bundles

• Add tensile strength to the tissue

75
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A

Smaller in diameter than collagen
Made of protein elastin surrounded by fibrillin for added strength and stability
Form fibrous network within connective tissue
Can be stretched up to 150% without breaking
Plentiful in skin, blood vessels, and lungs

76
Q

What are the characteristics of reticular fibers?

A

Consist of fine bundles of collagen with glycoprotein coating. Produced by the
fibroblasts. Thinner than collagen

77
Q

Reticular fibers form the stroma of soft organs such as:

A
  • Spleen

* Lymph nodes

A&P After Midterm Saint (8 decks)

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