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History - Conflict And Tension > The Treaty Of Versailles > Flashcards

The Treaty Of Versailles Flashcards

1
Q

What did Germany sign at the end of world war 1?

A
  • They signed the armistice which said they would pay reparations, give Alsace-Lorraine back to France and move the German army out of the Rhineland.
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2
Q

Outline the Paris Peace conference ordeals?

A
  • January 1919, 32 countries met in the Palace of Versailles.
  • To decide terms of the final peace treaty.
  • It was led by the ‘Big Three’ (George Clemenceau, David Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson).
  • They were under a lot of pressure to make everyone happy in a short period of time.
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3
Q

What were the aims of the Paris leader?

A

Georges Clemenceau:
- reparations from Germany to help rebuild badly affected areas in France
- revenge for lives lost
- weaken Germany (never could attack again)
- push German border back to the Rhine so french people felt safer.

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4
Q

What were the aims of the British Leader?

A

David Lloyd George:
- cautious approach; British public wanted Germany to be punished harshly by he feared that this would only lead to Germany wanting revenge.
- Keep Germany strong for trading with Britain and for Germany to act as a buffer to communism
- Gain German colonies for their empire
- naval supremacy by reducing Germany’s naval strength

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5
Q

What were the aims of the USA leader?

A

Woodrow Wilson:
- fair peace, so Germany wouldn’t speak revenge
- Proposed the 14 points; this included the League of Nations, self determination and freedom of seas.
- however, American public did not want USA to get involved in European affairs again.

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6
Q

What were the terms Germany had to agree to?

A
  • Article 231:the war guilt clause
  • Article 232:reparations - 6.6 billion (set in 1921)
  • Navy restricted to 15000 men and only 1500 officers
  • Anschluss was forbidden
  • The German navy was only allowed 6 battleships
  • League of Nations was formed, but Germany couldn’t join
  • Germany not allowed tanks, submarines or an air force
  • Danzig was taken from Germany
  • army limited to 100000 men
  • Germany split in two by Polish corridor
  • Conscription was not allowed
  • The Saar given to League of Nations for 15 years
  • The Rhineland demilitarised
  • Germany’s colonies were given to the League of Nations as mandates
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7
Q

What was Clemenceau happy about in the Treaty?

A
  • France gaining Alsace-Lorraine
  • Germany having no army present in the Rhineland
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8
Q

What was Clemenceau unhappy about in the Treaty?

A
  • thought Germany should of payed more reparations
  • The fact Germany was allowed an army, even a small one
  • The Rhineland not completely taken away from Germany only demilitarised
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9
Q

What was Lloyd George please about in the Treaty?

A
  • Britain having naval supremacy over Germany
  • The British empire gained more colonies
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10
Q

What was Lloyd George unhappy about in the Treaty

A
  • Harsh reparations meant Britain would lose trade with Germany
  • The threat of possible future war as Germany were so unhappy
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11
Q

What was Wilson pleased about in the Treaty?

A
  • The creation of the League of Nations
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12
Q

What was Wilson unhappy about in the Treaty?

A
  • Fourteen points ignored by Treaty terms
  • The harshness of the Treaty Terms
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13
Q

Why couldn’t the big three get everything they wanted?

A
  • Europe crumbling after war so under time pressure.
  • Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empire had collapsed so they were countries with unstable Government.
  • Each politician had to do what the citizens wanted as they wanted to get re-elected.
  • Ordinary citizens fed with anti-German propaganda during war so felt little mercy for them.
  • US senate declined Wilsons want to join the League due to isolationism.
  • Wilson and Lloyd George now disagreed over original armistice Germany signed in 1918.
  • They often all had contrasting views and aims - they had to compromise.
  • During war they promised countries land if they joined them as allies so they had to give for example Italy land. They had to keep to these promises but was not in their best interests.
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14
Q

How did Britain react the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Propaganda during war taught the Brits to despise Germans, and lots of British soldiers were killed in war
  • British people generally thought treaty was fair but could of been harsher
  • Lloyd George was hailed a hero and newspapers said Britain would never be under threat form Germany again.
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15
Q

How did France react to the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Many people in France were furious and believed the Treaty was nowhere near harsh enough and that Germany should suffer as much as France did during the war.
  • Clemenceau voted out at next election as public felt he did not do enough to get revenge for France
  • few terms that France liked for example gaining control of the Saar and its coalfields for 15 years
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16
Q

How did USA react the the Treat of Versailles?

A
  • The USA had only joined the war in 1917 and no fighting took place on US soil. Therefore American didn’t want revenge or compensation in the same way France and Britain did.
  • many people felt treaty was too harsh, including Wilson.
  • US wanted to follow policy of isolationism.
  • US senate refused to approve treaty of allow them to join the league.
17
Q

Why did Germany hate the terms so much?

A
  • The war guilt cause was particularly hated
  • Germans felt stabbed in the back as they were told they were winning the war and so they labelled the government as the ‘November Criminals’ for signing the armistice
  • The people of Germany were staving because Britain blocked the port during the war so little food was imported into Germany. They were desperate and needed help; they could not see how they could cope with the punishment they were facing.
  • The Kaiser has been forced to abdicate, so the public wondered how the country would be run. They felt the person that was responsible for the war (the kaiser) had already been punished so there should be no more punishments.
  • felt vulnerable; were hated by old enemies and had only a small army to defend themselves.
  • 13 percent of land was lost to other countries so German now found themselves not living in Germany.
  • felt treaty was forced on them and they had no choice or negotiation. They called it a diktat (dictated peace).
18
Q

1920 reaction the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • The Kapp Putsch - an attempted revolution in Germany
19
Q

When did The League agree the reparations of 6.6 billion?

A

1921 - April

20
Q

What’s happened in January 1923?

A
  • The Ruhr crisis.
  • France invades the Ruhr to take goods from factories because Germany failed to make reparation payment; the German government payed for the workers to go on strike so there was no goods for the French to take. This meant they had to print more banknotes to pay them; leading the hyperinflation.
21
Q

1923 - November?

A

Due to hyperinflation a loaf of bread coasts 200000 million marks; the nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler, tries but fails to overthrow the government in the Munich putsch.

22
Q

What happened in 1924 - August

A

The Dawes Plan was formed and the USA gave Germany 800 million gold marks to help them rebuild their economy.

23
Q

How was Austria treated at the end of the war?

A
  • The Treaty of St Germain
  • 10 September 1919
  • land taken to create new countries like Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
  • 30000 in army; no conscriptions; no navy
  • forbidden to unite with Germany
24
Q

How was Bulgaria treated after the war?

A
  • Treaty of Neuilly
  • 27 November 1919
  • lost land to Yugoslavia and Greece
  • 100 million in reparations
  • 20000 in army; no conscriptions; no air force; only four battleships
25
Q

How was Hungary treated after the war?

A
  • Treaty of Trianon
  • 4 June 1920
  • lost land to Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Austria
  • 30000 in army; no conscriptions; only three patrol boats
26
Q

How was Turkey treated after the war?

A
  • treaty of sèvres
  • 10 August 1920
  • split up Turkish empire so turkey lost nearly all of it’s land in Europe
  • 50000 in army; seven sailboats; six torpedo boats
  • Dardanelles and Bosporus straits were opened to other countries.
27
Q

The impact on Poland from the treaties?

A
  • It is now re-established as and independent country and was given previously German land. Germans living in the new country were unhappy and Russia argued about the Poland eastern borders. Poland had no natural borders so could not easily defend itself.
  • Germany split into polish corridor - a strip of land that gave Poland access to the sea. This meant Poland now owned land where Germany lived, who were unhappy to find out they were now a new nationally.
  • Germany split in two, which weakened it and caused much resentment towards Poland.
28
Q

More problems faced by new states due to treaties?

A
  • loosing land meant Austrian and Hungarian economies collapsed in 1921
  • ## People in turkey revolted over the treaty and Britain replaced it with the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. This is hugely symbolic because it proves that treaties can not be enforced and showed that Britain was willing to undermine the treaties.
29
Q

What were the strengths of the treaty of Versailles

A
  • war caused lots of damage so reparations were needed to rebuild.
  • France regained Alsace-Lorraine
  • many places did not want to be part of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. Places like Czechoslovakia and Poland were no given independence.
30
Q

What were they weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • new states were created by Poland were weakened because it was surrounded by enemies and it could not defend itself well with the borders.
  • Austria and Hungry economies crashed in 1921.
  • some feared treaty would lead to another war in the future.
  • treaty of Lausanne proved to Hitler and Mussolini that treaties could be broken.
  • None of the big three were overly satisfied with the treaty.
  • people in defeated countries felt humiliated by treaties and they were rebellions in Germany and turkey.

History - Conflict And Tension (6 decks)

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