The two most applied approaches are

Question 1

What are the two most applied approaches in systems analysis and design?

Answer 1

1. Structured approach 2. Object oriented (OO) approach

Question 2

What does the structured approach in systems analysis focus on?

Answer 2

Analyzing and designing software systems through functional decomposition

Question 3

What is functional decomposition?

Answer 3

Examining an information system in terms of the functions it performs and the data it uses and maintains

Question 4

List the composite steps for the function ‘Calculate employee wages’.

Answer 4

• Calculate hours of work * Determine wage rate per hour * Multiply hours by rate to get Gross Pay * Add/deduct adjustments * Produce Net Pay

Question 5

How does the object-oriented approach differ from the structured approach?

Answer 5

It decomposes the system down into objects, focusing on the things in the system and their interactions

Question 6

What are the four principles introduced by the object-oriented approach?

Answer 6

• Abstraction * Encapsulation * Modularity * Hierarchy

Question 7

Define abstraction in the context of object-oriented design.

Answer 7

Focusing on including the most important aspects of a system while ignoring less important details

Question 8

What is encapsulation?

Answer 8

Separating implementation from users, allowing only the owning instance to modify or read its data

Question 9

What does encapsulation protect?

Answer 9

An object’s internal state from being corrupted by other objects

Question 10

What is modularity?

Answer 10

The process of breaking complex systems into small, self-contained pieces that can be managed easily

Question 11

How is hierarchy defined in object-oriented design?

Answer 11

An ordering of abstractions into a tree-like structure, where complex systems are composed of interrelated subsystems

Question 12

What is an object in object-oriented programming?

Answer 12

The basic run-time entity that can represent a person, location, account, or any item the program handles

Question 13

What are the two aspects that characterize real-world objects?

Answer 13

• Information (Data) * Behaviour

Question 14

What is a class in object-oriented programming?

Answer 14

A template for an object that describes a set of objects sharing the same attributes and operations

Question 15

What is an attribute in the context of a class?

Answer 15

A named property of a class that describes a range of values instances of the property may hold

Question 16

What is an operation in a class?

Answer 16

The implementation of a service that can be requested from any object of the class to affect behavior

Question 17

What is the difference between a super-class and a sub-class?

Answer 17

A super-class contains features common to multiple classes, while a sub-class contains at least the features of its super-class

Question 18

What is inheritance in object-oriented programming?

Answer 18

The process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class

Question 19

What does polymorphism mean?

Answer 19

The ability to take more than one form, allowing operations to exhibit different behavior based on data types

Question 20

What is the significance of encapsulation in object-oriented design?

Answer 20

It achieves information hiding and reduces the impact of side effects associated with change

Question 21

Fill in the blank: A class is a description of a set of objects that share the same _______.

Answer 21

[attributes and operations]

Question 22

True or False: A class must have at least one attribute.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

What is the role of interfaces in encapsulation?

Answer 23

They form a contract between the class and the outside world, allowing clients to depend on interfaces only

Question 24

What happens when a change is made to a superclass?

Answer 24

It is immediately inherited by all subclasses that have inherited from the superclass

Question 25

What is a real-world example of an object?

Answer 25

A chair, which is a member of the class furniture

Question 26

What do objects in an object-oriented system contain?

Answer 26

* Data * Code to manipulate the data

Question 27

What does it mean for a class to encapsulate data and procedural abstractions?

Answer 27

The data is enclosed by methods capable of manipulating the data, achieving information hiding

Question 28

Fill in the blank: A class name must be _______ within its enclosing package.

Answer 28

[unique]

Question 29

What are the two types of names associated with a class?

Answer 29

* Simple name * Path name

Question 30

What is the purpose of the class hierarchy?

Answer 30

To propagate changes through a system via inheritance

Question 31

True or False: Derived classes can redefine the implementation of a method.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What method must be included in transport?

Answer 32

move() ## Footnote All transport must be able to move.

Question 33

Which two classes would inherit from the transport class?

Answer 33

Boat and Car ## Footnote Both Boats and Cars can move but in different ways.

Question 34

What is the common term for conversional programming using high-level languages like C, FORTRAN, and Pascal?

Answer 34

Procedure-oriented programming ## Footnote This programming paradigm focuses on a sequence of tasks.

Question 35

In procedural-oriented programming, what does each statement do?

Answer 35

Tells the computer to do something ## Footnote Examples include getting input, adding numbers, or displaying output.

Question 36

What is a program in a procedural-oriented language?

Answer 36

A list of instructions ## Footnote Functions are written to accomplish specific tasks.

Question 37

What is the primary focus in procedural-oriented languages?

Answer 37

Functions ## Footnote Instructions are organized into groups known as functions.

Question 38

What vulnerability exists with global data in procedural-oriented programming?

Answer 38

More vulnerable to inadvertent change ## Footnote Functions can unintentionally modify global data.

Question 39

What makes identifying data usage difficult in large programs?

Answer 39

Functions share global data ## Footnote It complicates checking which function uses which data.

Question 40

List a few characteristics of procedural languages.

Answer 40

* Emphasis on doing tasks * Programs broken into functions * Functions share global data * Data moves openly around the system * Employs top-down approach in design

Question 41

What is the main feature of object-oriented programming (OOP)?

Answer 41

Emphasis on data rather than functions ## Footnote OOP treats data as a critical element.

Question 42

How does OOP protect data?

Answer 42

By tying data to functions ## Footnote It prevents data from flowing freely around the system.

Question 43

In OOP, how is a problem decomposed?

Answer 43

Into objects ## Footnote Data and functions are built around these objects.

Question 44

Who can access the data of an object in OOP?

Answer 44

Only the function associated with that object ## Footnote Functions of one object can access functions of other objects.

Question 45

List a few characteristics of object-oriented languages.

Answer 45

* Emphasis on data rather than functions * Programs divided into objects * Data structures characterize the objects * Data is hidden from external functions * Objects communicate through functions

Question 46

What approach does OOP follow in program design?

Answer 46

Bottom-up approach ## Footnote This is in contrast to the top-down approach of procedural programming.