The Uk Evolving Plusical Landscape Part 2

Question 1

How does climate change lead to rising sea levels and how is it a problem

Answer 1

Thermal expansion melting ice caps and temporary rise due to low pressure storm systems
It’s increasing marine erosion

Question 2

What is the (ICZM)and what does it do

Answer 2

The intergrated costal zone management
Decides which areas to protect and how

Question 3

What is cost benefit analysis

Answer 3

Looking at economic cost ,social and environmental impact agains benefits of protection

Question 4

Give examples of hard engineering and give prices

Answer 4

Sea walls 6000 per meters
Groynes 1000 per metre

Question 5

Give examples of soft engineering and give explaination

Answer 5

Beach replenishment-rebuilding beaches as a natural defence
Slope stabilisation-holding cliff in place with planting/meshing

Question 6

What is strategic realignment

Answer 6

Where some part of coasts are allowed to flood in order to target management into other areas of coastline

Question 7

How can coastal management be investigated

Answer 7

Qualitative(judgment)and quantitative (numbers)
Sediment analysis
Cost benfit analysis
Groyne measurements

Question 8

Where for rivers start

Answer 8

The upper cource

Question 9

What happens in the upper cource

Answer 9

It has a steep gradient and sediment is added to river by weathering of slope sides
Erosional processes dominate creating narrow shallow channels
overtime due to lower energy young rivers oftern unable to cut through areas of greater resistance so river reroutes and curls around them creating interlocking spurs

Question 10

What 2 other landscape features are in the upper cource

Answer 10

Waterfall and gorges

Question 11

Why are sediment bigger and angular in the upper cource

Answer 11

Discharge is low and so is velocity

Question 12

What are freatures of the mid cource

Answer 12

Slope angle reduces
River wider and deeper
Vertical and lateral erosion occurs
Sediment is smaller and more rounded

Question 13

Features of lower cource

Answer 13

Very low gradient
River widens and deepens
Channel is smooth so less friction so velocity is highest
Sediment load is high

Question 14

What are the 4 erosinao procces and give definition

Answer 14

Hydraulic action(air forced into gaps in rock )
Abrasion (wearing away of rocks by friction
Attrition(stones bang together and break )
Solution (chemical dissolving of rock

Question 15

Give the transportation processes and give definition

Answer 15

Traction(larger stones rolling on riverbed)
Saltation(smaller stones bouncing along)
Suspension (small participles carried along in water)
Solution(dissolved particles carried in water

Question 16

How is a river formed in a v shape valley and how is the v made

Answer 16

Vertical erosion occurs in upper cource creating a small river
The sides of valley are eroded causing mass movemonet and soil creep on valley sides creating v shape

Question 17

What is a waterfall

Answer 17

Hard rock overlaps soft rock
Overtime erosion creates a deep plunge pool undercutting harder rock overhang
This unsupported rock collapse’s adding debris and creating a gorge

Question 18

How are ox box lakes created

Answer 18

river flows side to side eroding areas of weakness
Fasted flowing water hits outside of bend causing undercutting and outer steep bank called a river cliff
On inside of bend river flows more slowly depositing material creating a slope called slip off slope
Overtime meander erodes further
Neck of meander breaks through as river continues through new straight channel

Question 19

What are Flood plains and levees and how are they formed

Answer 19

Floodplain formed by lateral erosion as river winds across valley floor
point bar-material deposited on inside of bend
When river floods it adds further material to floodplain
Over time procces repeats and natural banks called levees are formed

Question 20

What are deltas and how do they occur

Answer 20

D shaped areas of deposition at mouth of river
Occur when river enter another body of water

Question 21

What is a normal hydrograph and what does it show

Answer 21

Is a way of showing how a river responds to a rainfall event
Rainfall shown as bar chart
Discharge calculated (width multiplied by depth multiplied by the velocity of river)
Lag time (Time between peak rainfall and peak discharge)

Question 22

What does a flashy hydrographic show

Answer 22

Will have a steep rising limb a short lag time

Question 23

What does a less flashy hydrograph show

Answer 23

Shape will have a low rising limb long lag time and gentle falling limb

Question 24

When is high rainfall more likely to happens and what effects can that create

Answer 24

May -July
Surface become saturated creating surface run off

Question 25

What has urbanisation done to surface runoff

Answer 25

Increased it

Question 26

What problems did the river Severn when it comes to flooding and the impact it had

Answer 26

Lack of defences
The large catchments led to flooding
Tewkesbury Abby flooded for the first time in 250 years 3 died 48000 homes were flooded ,20000pound repair cost
Schools abs buisness were shut

Question 27

What are the pros and cons of flood calls

Answer 27

Pro
Prevent water from spreading into small scale areas
Con
Expensive and look unatural

Question 28

What are the pros of embankments

Answer 28

Pro
Successful in stopping this he spread in small areas
Can be made for environmentally friendly with earth and grass

Question 29

Pros and cons of flood Barrie’s

Answer 29

Pros
Cheap
Con
Risk of not installing time

Question 30

What are the pros of river restoration

Answer 30

Cheaper than hard engineering
Slows the river down
Creates natural rivers for wildlife and recreation