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UK Politics > The UK Government > Flashcards

The UK Government Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Government?

A

The body formulates policy and oversees its implementation in the UK. Led by the PM, who appoints ALL its members (contains 100 ministers and party officials)

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2
Q

Types of Government

A
  • Single Party Majority Government
  • Coalition Government
  • Minority Government
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3
Q

Structure of the UK Government (Cabinet)

A
  • CABINET:
  • Prime Minister, heads of government departments e.g., Home Office, and a small number of key features
  • 23 in total
    Official source of government policy
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4
Q

Junior Ministers

A
  • Each Government department is led by a cabinet minister, who is assisted by a team of junior ministers (known as ministers of state)
  • Junior ministers often specialize in a particular area
  • Each department must include at least one member of the Lords
  • Contains 60 in total
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5
Q

The Whips

A
  • The Chief Whip leads a team of Whips (Simon Hart)
  • Responsible for maintaining party discipline in Parliament, keeping MP’s and Lords informed, and helping to organise government business in Parliament
  • 17 in total
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6
Q

Key Points

A
  • All members of the government must sit in Parliament (Lords or Commons)
  • All members of the government are appointed by the Prime Minister
  • MPs of the governing party who are not part of the Government are known as Backbenchers
  • All members of the Government are bound by Collective Responsibility i.e., they must support the policies of the Government in public or resign
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7
Q

What are the roles of the PM

A

Head of government
Chief Policy Maker
Chief Foreign Policy Maker
Commander in Chief of Armed Forces
Chief Government Spokesperson
Parliamentary Leader
Party Leader

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8
Q

The Role of PM - Head of Government

A
  • Appoints and dismisses ministers
  • Chairs Cabinet (sets agenda, decides who can speak, sums up Cabinet decisions)
  • Establishes Cabinet Committees, and controls membership
  • Creates and abolishes Government Departments e.g., Department for Exiting the EU
  • Exercises patronage on behalf of the King e.g., Role in appointing senior bishops and archbishops of the Church of England.
  • Head of Civil Service
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9
Q

The Role of the PM - Chief Policy Maker

A
  • The PM sets the main lines of Government policy e.g., Tony Blair was the architect of New Labour, David Cameron shaped the Tory approach to cutting the deficit, Boris Johnson decided on how the Government should tackle the pandemic.
  • E.g., Liz Truss cutting tax, and increasing spending. Rishi Sunak, increasing taxes and cutting government spending.
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10
Q

The Role of the PM - Chief Foreign Policy Maker

A
  • PM acts on behalf of the monarch
  • Negotiates treaties, represents UK at international conferences
  • E.g., Cameron sought to renegotiate Britain’s relationship with the EU, 2015. Boris visited Ukraine in 2022 and Sunak went to Cop 27.
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11
Q

The Role of PM - Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

A
  • Acts on behalf of the Monarch
  • PM alone decides on whether to commit UK troops to military action e.g., Blair (Afghanistan, Iraq), Cameron (Libya)
  • PM is also Head of the Security Services
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12
Q

Role of the PM - Chief Government Spokesperson

A
  • PM is the main spokesman for the Government
  • E.g., During Covid Bojo spoke to the people daily and explained how they were tackling the problem
  • Role in defending/explaining all government policy to the media
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13
Q

The Role of the PM - Parliamentary Leader

A
  • PM acts as a leader of the Government in Parliament
  • Duties include weekly PM’s questions, statements on major aspects of Government Policy
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14
Q

Role of the PM - Party Leader

A
  • PM is normally a party leader
  • Duties include campaigning during elections, attending party conferences
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15
Q

What are the sources of power for a PM?

A

Parliament, Mandate, Royal Prerogative

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16
Q

What are the sources of power of the PM - Parliament

A
  • As leader of the party with a majority in the Commons, the PM has at their disposal the powers of Parliament (Sovereignty of Parliament)
    This varies over time depending on what government you run:
    • Tony Blair wasn’t affected when 40 MPs disagreed.
    • Theresa May needed every vote
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17
Q

What are the sources of power of the PM - Mandate

A
  • As leader of the party which won the last election, the PM has a mandate to carry out the policies contained in the Manifesto.
    What complicates this?
    • Leaders who become PM in-between elections e.g., Lizz Truss and Sunak
    • Winning an election does not give the PM a personal Mandate. Voters do not write Boris’ name down on the ballot paper, but a representative
    • FPTP - Tories won 43% of the vote but got 57% of the seats
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18
Q

What are the sources of the PM’s Power - The Royal Prerogative

A

The PM exercises on behalf of the Crown a variety of prerogative powers
- Appoints ministers
- Signs Treaties
- Controls Armed Forces
- Awards Honours
- Grants Pardons

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19
Q

What effects the power of these sources for the PM?

A

The strength of these sources varies over time, affecting the power of any individual PM

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20
Q

What are the Powers of the UK Executive?

A
  • To make policy via primary legislation passed through Parliament
  • To make policy via secondary legislation (delegated legislation, aka statutory instruments or Henry VIII clauses)
  • Propose a budget to raise funds and set levels of taxation etc
  • To exercise the prerogative powers of the Crown
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21
Q

What are the powers of the UK executive - To make policy via primary legislation passed through Parliament

A
  • Queen’s speech e.g., 2021 - Government announced bills on online safety, high speed rail, binding climate targets, animal welfare etc. This is where the government announces their plans.
  • “Doctor’s Mandate” e.g., 2020 Coronavirus Act. Means in an emergency governments can pass unplanned laws.
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22
Q

What are the powers of the UK executive - To make policy via secondary legislation (delegated legislation, aka statutory instruments or Henry ViII Clauses)

A
  • E.g., 2016 abolition of maintenance grants for university students, classification of drugs under the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act
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23
Q

What are the powers of the UK executive - Propose budgets to raise funds and set levels of taxation etc

A
  • E.g., 2021 budget raised National Insurance, increased National Living Wage, 2022 Autumn Statement raised taxes to highest level for 70 years.
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24
Q

What are the powers of the UK executive - To exercise the Prerogative powers of the Crown

A
  • PM can hire and fire ministers
  • Appoint life peers
  • Direct UK forces and sign treaties
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25
Q

What is ‘Individual Ministerial Responsibility’

A

The principle that members of the cabinet take ultimate responsibility for what occurs within their department, including both administrative and policy failures. They are also individually responsible to their PM for their personal conduct - Role and Personal Responsibility

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26
Q

Examples when ministers have resigned due to failings in their departments

A
  • 1954, Sir Thomas Dugdale resigned as minister of agriculture after the Crichel Down Affair. The department failed to return land to its rightful owner after it had been compulsorily purchased to be a bombing range before WWII. Dugdale resigned even though it was his civil servants most at fault.
  • 1982, Lord Carrington resigned as foreign secretary - Department should have been more aware of Argentina’s intentions. Also, should have been clearer what the response of the British government would be to any military intervention.
  • Amber Rudd, 2018, resigned as Home Secretary after she mislead Parliament and said that the Home Office had no quotas for the deportation of migrants. In a letter to May, said she’d increase deportation by 10%, contradicted her denials of knowing the targets.
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27
Q

Examples of ministers who have resigned due to their own conduct

A
  • Matt Hancock, 2020, resigned as Health Secretary after breaking his own - seen making out with a woman who wasn’t his wife or from his household at a time before the easing of social distancing and interacting with people from outside your household.
    Personal Responsibility
  • Suella Braverman, 2022, sent official documents from her personal email to a fellow MP, in a serious breach of ministerial code. The draft written statement on migration was deemed highly sensitive as it related to immigration rules.
    Personal Responsibility
  • Priti Patel, 2017, resigned after she spoke to Israeli PM and MPs without consent. Also, meeting wasn’t properly logged. Got leaked to media and May fired her.
    Personal Responsibility
  • Gavin Williamson, 2022, messages emerged where he berated the former Conservative Chief Whip for not ensuring his invitation to the queen’s funeral. Accused Morton of showing political preference over which ministers, or former ministers attended. Also for being very rude to his civil servants, told one to slit their throat.
    Personal Responsibility
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28
Q

Examples of Ministers who have resigned as they couldn’t support the government anymore

A

Sajid Javid and Rishi Sunak
- Resigned as part of a revolt to get Johnson to step down
- Boris had been part of too many scandals
- Javid claimed the government was no longer competent and acting the in country’s best interest
- Sunak accused him of not being able to act seriously or competently
- This was after the most recent scandal after a bombshell letter from the former head of the Foreign Office, Simon McDonald, revealed Johnson had been told of allegations that Chris Pincher was a sexual predator before appointing him as Deputy Chief Whip. He’d previously denied knowing.

29
Q

Examples of Ministers who have successfully resisted pressure to resign

A

Norman Lamont, 1992, Chancellor of the Exchequer. On Black Wednesday the Major government was forced to abandon the Europe Exchange rate mechanism (ERM) having raised interest rates by a staggering 5% in a desperate attempt to maintain membership. Lamont refused to resign as the policy was also that of the PM’s. Claimed if Major didn’t resign, neither should he.
- Gavin Williamson, 2020, withheld pressure to resign after the A-Level grading fiasco (first grades not counting as algorithm messed up). Largely because Bojo backed him.
- Priti Patel, 2020, an enquiry found her guilty of breaching the ministerial code for bullying. However, Bojo decided she hadn’t breached the code and shouldn’t have to resign.

30
Q

What is ‘Collective Ministerial Responsibility’?

A

All members of the government must publicly support the government and should not discuss the contents of private ministerial discussions. If the administration is defeated on a vote of confidence, this convention also stipulates that all members of the government must resign. Ministers who disagree publicly and who do not resign can be sacked by the PM. Cabinet meetings are secret so disagreement within government is hidden.

31
Q

Why is there collective ministerial responsibility?

A
  • Maintains PM’s authority and can be a weapon to keep a difficult person under control - make them a member of the government so they can’t talk out against you.
  • Tells people the government is strong and competent.
    E.g., 1979, Callaghan lost a vote of no confidence, 310 to 311.
32
Q

How did Collective Responsibility work during the Coalition?

A
  • The Tories and Lib Dems had campaigned against each other with different manifestos so the cabinet could disagree on certain issues - government was allowed to disagree as they’d run on different manifestos.
  • A compromise was worked out in the ‘Coalition Agreement’ - however this did not always work as there were areas not covered by the agreement.
33
Q

What areas were not specified in the Coalition Agreement

A
  • Trident Renewal and the construction of new nuclear power stations. Both of which the Lib Dems had strongly opposed. Wasn’t in the Coalition Agreement so collective responsibility didn’t apply.
  • AV vote - Tories and Lib Dems campaigned on different sides of the vote
  • Following President Assad’s chemical weapons use, Cameron argued for a military response, Clegg opposed.
34
Q

How did Collective Responsibility Work with the EU?

A

(The two referendums on the UK’ membership on the EU demonstrates limits on ministerial responsibility)
- In 1975, Wilson abandoned Collective Responsibility because of how divided his government were over membership of the EEC. The stated government policy was to remain, but his government campaigned on different sides. Wilson’s failure to keep his cabinet united prompted a cartoon in the Express suggesting Wilson’s most reliable support came from the Tories and Liberal Parties - not his own cabinet.
- 2016, Cameron didn’t want to force the Eurosceptic members (Michael Gove and Chris Grayling) to abide by collective ministerial responsibility as he would suffer lots of high profile resignations. So, he suspended collective ministerial responsibility and his cabinet campaigned on different sides, even though the policy was to remain.
- In May’s government, Johnson regularly criticised her Brexit plans and put forward his ideas. E.g., May said she favoured a customs partnership with the EU, Johnson told the Daily Mail the plan was “totally untried and would make it very, very difficult to do free trade deals”.

35
Q

What Factors are decisive in determining whether a minister survives pressure to resign?

A
  • The Ministerial Code
  • Support of the PM
  • The Media
  • Plausible Defence
  • Attitude of the Minister under Pressure
36
Q

Factors influencing if a minister survives pressure to resign - Ministerial Code

A

Ministers who are found to have breached the code, set rules governing how ministers behave on issues like financial matters, are unlikely to survive.
E.g., Priti Patel 2017 (BUT, Patel survived in 2020 - Contrast between May and Johnson is crucial)

37
Q

Factors influencing if a minister survives pressure to resign - PM support

A

If the PM backs a minister, they’re more able to withstand pressure to resign.
E.g., Johnson backed Williamson (Education Secretary in 2020 during A-Level Grading fiasco), Priti Patel (despite an enquiry finding her guilty of breaching the ministerial code)

38
Q

Factors influencing if a minister survives pressure to resign - The Media

A

If the media pursue a minister the pressure can become too much, forcing them to quit
E.g., Amber Rudd over immigration targets in 2018.
E.g., Matt Hancock in 2021

39
Q

Factors influencing if a minister survives pressure to resign - Plausible Defence

A

If a minister can advance a plausible defence, they may survive
E.g., Michael Howard, if there is no excuse the minister will have to go
E.g., Chris Huhne

40
Q

Factors influencing if a minister survives pressure to resign - Attitude of the Minister under Pressure

A

If the minister wants to fight to save their job they might survive
E.g., Williamson
However they might not fight,
E.g., Fallon.

41
Q

Recent Trends in ministerial responsibility

A
  • Few ministers now do resign due to failures in their departments - last cabinet minister to do so was Estelle Morris who resigned as Education Secretary in 2002.
  • Most Ministers who resign do so due to Personal Responsibility (their individual conduct has fallen short)
  • Ministers under pressure do not always automatically resign; much depends on factors such as PM support, media pressure etc.
42
Q

Why are conventions of ministerial responsibility weak - don’t account for ministerial actions

A

Collective Responsibility is often suspended by PM’s
Ministers rarely take responsibility and resign if they preside over policy failure

43
Q

Why are conventions of ministerial responsibility strong - do account for ministerial actions

A

Collective Responsibility - ministers do still resign if they disagree with government actions (weak point)
Ministers do resign if their personal conduct calls into question their fitness to hold office

44
Q

What affects the nature of the PM’s power?

A

1) Size of Parliamentary Majority
2) Support of Cabinet
3) Support of Parliamentary Party (Backbenchers)
4) Strength of Opposition
5) Nature of Government
6) Media
7) Public Opinion
8) Circumstance e.g., State of Economy

45
Q

Margaret Thatcher (Mid 1980’s)

A

Was at the height of her powers
1) Two landslide election victories gave her large parliamentary majorities (144 in 1983 and 102 in 1987)
2) Her party saw her as a vote winner and supported her
3) The Opposition was weak e.g., under leadership of Michael Foot in 1983
4) Circumstances worked in her favour e.g., victory in the Falklands War (1982) and economic prosperity in the mid 80’s.

46
Q

Margaret Thatcher in the late 1980’s

A

Thatcher slowly lost power, until eventually she was forced out by her party
1) The Conservatives trailed in the opinion polls, and many MPs feared Thatcher was leading them to an election defeat
2) Thatcher’s policies e.g., on Europe, the introduction of the Poll Tax resulted in a loss of support, both within her party and around the country.
3) The Labour Party was more organised and effective as an opposition
4) She faced opposition from within her own party from powerful former ministers (Michael Heseltine)
5) The Cabinet became less supportive, partly due to her style of government

47
Q

Tony Blair late 1990’s to early 2000’s

A

1) 1997 won a huge majority (179) which gave him a large mandate
2) Strong rapport with the British people so cabinet was insignificant to policy development. E.g., Blair was in favour of the Millennium dome, his cabinet was very against it, he was so powerful they could do nothing,
3) His approach was therefore very presidential, often referred to as a ‘Command Prime-Ministership’ - cabinet was so diminished it was just notified of decisions.
4) Blair and Brown gave interest raising powers to the BOE - promoted economic stability (stopped government manipulating it)
5) 2003 Iraq War, the Chilcot Report in 2016 showed Blair failed to consult cabinet about the advisability of the war.
6) However his control was not total, Blair wanted to join the European single currency - Brown vetoed this as his ‘five tests’ for membership had not been fulfilled.

48
Q

Tony Blair mid 2000’s to late 2000’s

A

His control of the cabinet diminished as his authority weltered. Controversies over the legality of the Iraq war and the fallout of the ‘05 election (where Blair only won 35.2% of the vote - lowest single party government had ever achieved).
Took Blair from being an electoral asset to a liability. Cabinet looked to Brown to provide the government with a new dynamic as Cameron had just taken over the Conservatives.
Blair resigned in ‘06

49
Q

Gordon Brown 2007 - 2010

A

1) Economy was failing (2008 financial crisis)
2) Strong opposition from Cameron who exploited his weaknesses and vunerabilities.
3) Bad media image after he left his wire on after a tv interview with a difficult woman.
4) Scandal over MP’s expenses
5) Widespread criticism that he backed down over calling a general election in 2007 cause he thought he would loose.

50
Q

David Cameron 2010 - 2016

A

1) Coalition government
2) Succeeded in introducing major cuts to public expenditure as part of the government’s austerity programme.
3) Put the weight of his authority behind legislation allowing same-sex marriage in spite of the opposition of large numbers of traditional Conservatives.
4) Weak opposition leader in Miliband - no one wanted him to be PM
5) Part of the Coalition Agreement, had to allow a referendum on AV and and failed to reform parliamentary boundaries when the Lib Dems withdrew their support.
6) Failed to persuade Parliament to bomb President Assad in 2013, following the use of Chemical Weapons in Syria, further demonstrated the limits of his authority.
- 2016, held a referendum on EU as he didn’t want to lose Tory votes to UKIP - stepped down after Leave won by 51%.

51
Q

Theresa May 2016

A

1) Had the support of 61% of the Parliamentary party
2) Sacked Osborne as chancellor and replaced him with long time ally Hammond to stamp her authority
3) Installed Amber Rudd as Home Secretary - stamped her authority
4) Put her personal prestige behind controversial commitments - reinstating Grammar Schools and replacing HRA with British Bill of Rights
5) Even at the height of her popularity, had to balance ministerial roles (remainers and leavers)

52
Q

Theresa may 2017-2019

A

1) Called snap election without consulting cabinet - only trusted joint chiefs of staff (Nick Timothy and Fiona Hill)
2) Even at the height of

53
Q

Boris Johnson July - November 2019

A

1) Led a minority government (weak position).
2) Attempts to pursue Brexit were thwarted in Parliament when rebel Tories voted with the opposition
3) Attempt to prorogue Parliament deemed unlawful by supreme court

54
Q

Boris Johnson December 2019 - Mid 2020

A

1) Johnson won 80 seat majority - largest since Conservative victory in 1987. Strong mandate and support of parliamentary party allowed him to pursue his manifesto

55
Q

Boris Johnson Mid 2020 - Mid 2022

A

Johnson’s programme for government blown off course by pandemic - dominated politics for the remainder of his term

56
Q

Boris Johnson Mid 2022

A

Succession of scandals and by election defeats and low opinion poll ratings led large number of Tory backbenchers to turn against him - forced him out of office by mass ministerial resignations.
(e.g., Pincher scandal)

57
Q

Liz Truss

A

1) Weak position as she had no electoral mandate and was voted against by Tory MPs.
2) Appointed mostly allies into cabinet - failed to reach out to other parts of Tory party
3) Radical mini budget caused a financial crisis -> Forced U-turn and abandon policies
4) Dire Poll ratings and financial crisis led to loss of support amongst MPs -> resigned

58
Q

Rishi Sunak

A

1) Weak - no electoral mandate, inherited dire financial situation from Truss - still has healthy parliament majority
2) Enjoys broad support of parliamentary parliament
3) Some appointments have undermined his authority e.g., Braverman and Williamson
4) Has re-appointed ministers who have resigned with allies (Raab with Dowden)
5) Freedom to shape policy limited by poor financial situation, global economic problems (energy crisis)

59
Q

What is presidentialism?

A

The idea a Pm has become so dominant in the UK system that they are in effect presidential figures

60
Q

Presidentialism: Developments at Number 10

A
  • In recent decades, changes at number ten mean organisation more resembles the white house.
  • Blair introduced Chief of Staff to run No. 10 like the White House - a political appointment (normally not a civil servant or MP)
  • Currently Liam Booth Smith - worked with Sunak at Treasury
  • PM’s private office has expanded - staffed by PM’s closest aides and is key source of advice and support (Cummins was part of Johnson’s private office)
  • Key figure in PM’s private office is Director of Communications, post created by Blair
  • N0. 10 Policy Unit provides policy advice to PM
61
Q

Case Study Dominic Cummings

A
  • Power of Dominic Cummings in Johnson’s 2020 Government is evidence of presidentialism
  • i.e., unelected adviser to PM based in Downing Street appears to have more power than most Cabinet Ministers
  • However, Cummings’ fall shows limits of presidentialism:
    i) Cummings’ poor relationship with ministers and parliamentary party led to problems
    ii) PM can’t afford to operate like a President and ignore concerns of party
62
Q

What are functions of Cabinet?

A

1) Legitimation
2) Decision Making
3) Plan Government Business
4) Dispute Resolution

63
Q

Functions of Cabinet: Legitimation

A

Cabinet gives formal approval to decisions made elsewhere, e.g., in committees
Once approved by Cabinet, the decisions become government policy; Cabinet approval is a useful means to ensure government unity (e.g., pandemic lockdowns)

64
Q

Functions of Cabinet: Decision Making

A
  • Cabinet can be the place where major issues are debated and government policy decided
  • e.g., in 2018 May called her Cabinet to Chequers to decide on the approach
65
Q

Functions of Cabinet: Plan Gov Business

A
  • Cabinet coordinates Government activity
  • E.g., legislative priorities in Parliament, ministerial attendance at key votes
66
Q

Functions of Cabinet: Dispute Resolution

A
  • If two government departments are in dispute Cabinet can act as a final Court of Appeal where the conflict will be resolved
67
Q

Reasons for PM having power over Cabinet

A

1) Power of Patronage
2) Chairs Cabinet (sets agenda, sums up decisions of meetings etc)
3) Decides on nature of Cabinet meetings (e.g., whether they will solely exchange info or genuine forum of debate (Blair vs May))
4) Able to shape policy elsewhere and then present to Cabinet for formal approval (e.g., bilateral meeting with ministers (Blair)).
5) Can silence ministers via collective responsibility

68
Q

Powers of Cabinet over PM

A

1) Technically, PM is only “primus inter pares”, first among equals. Cabinet collectively approves Gov policy and sets legislative agenda
2) PM cannot take Cabinet support for granted, sometimes must work hard to win their support (May w/ Brexit deal 2018)
3) Cabinet can overrule PM (e.g., 2015, Cabinet forced Cameron to suspend collective responsibility for EU referendum)
4) Cabinet can force a PM out, either through public criticism or by provoking leadership crisis (Thatcher in 1990)

69
Q

What does PM consider when appointing Cabinet?

A

1) Members must be from Commons or Lords
2) Party unity - balanced Cabinet (e.g., Braverman as home secretary)
3) Collective Responsibility - silence big characters
4) Big Characters- Some people are too big to not appoint (Bojo for May)
5) Advance Key Allies (e.g., Boris appointed Patel, Sunak and Nadine Doris who were key Brexit figures)
6) Nature of Government (E.g., 5 Lib Dems during coalition)

UK Politics (7 decks)

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