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CC-2224 Geo Paper 2 > The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is a landscape

A

The character of an area, resulting from the action and interaction of natural and human elements

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2
Q

What is igneous rock

A

Form when magma from the mantle cools down and hardens
As it cools, crystals form in the rock
Igneous rocks are hard and more resistant to erosion

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3
Q

What is sedimentary rock

A

Layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock

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4
Q

What is metamorphic rock

A

When rock (igneous, sedimentary or older metamorphic rock) is put under pressure and heat (but not melted), the original rock becomes a new type of rock
This new rock becomes harder and more compact

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5
Q

Stronger, more resistant rocks tend to produce …

A

Highland areas

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6
Q

Weaker rocks tend to form …

A

Lowlands

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of igneous rock

A

Hard
Resistant
Impermeable
Upland

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of metamorphic rock

A

Very hard
Very resistant
Impermeable
Upland

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of sedimentary rock

A

very soft
Less resistant
Permeable
Lowland

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10
Q

What is weathering

A

breakdown of rock in their original place

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11
Q

What is mass movement

A

weathered material moving down slopes under the influence of gravity

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12
Q

How has the landscape been changed

A

Settlements
Agriculture
Forestry

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13
Q

What are concordant coastlines

A

made up of the same rock type, running parallel to the sea, these coastlines produce coves

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14
Q

What are Discordant coastlines

A

have alternating bands of rock perpendicular to the sea, these types of coastlines form headlands and bays

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15
Q

What are the types of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Attrition
Corrosion
Abrasion

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16
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

The sheer force of the waves hitting the coast

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17
Q

What is Attrition

A

Material (rocks, shingle, etc.) are carried by the waves and bump against each other and are worn smaller and smoother

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18
Q

What is corrosion

A

slightly acidic and this gradually dissolves some types of coastal rock

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19
Q

What is abrasion

A

Abrasion (or corrasion) - waves pick up material and hurl it at the coast

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20
Q

How are headlands formed

A

Occur where there are alternating bands of hard and soft rocks run perpendicular to oncoming waves (discordant coastline)
At first, the soft rock (e.g. clay) is eroded backward, forming an inlet

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21
Q

How are bays formed

A

As the inlet continues to erode it curves inwards, and a bay is formed, usually with a beach

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22
Q

How are cliffs formed

A

Cliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering processes

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23
Q

How are wave cut platforms formed

Study These Flashcards
A

As the sea attacks the base of a cliff between the high and low water mark, a wave-cut notch is formed
Abrasion, corrosion and hydraulic action further extend the notch back into the cliff
The undercutting of the cliff leads to instability and collapse of the cliff
The backwash of the waves, carries away the eroded material, leaving behind a wave-cut platform

24
Q

How do caves,arches,stacks and stumps form

25
What are the factors that determine the height and strength of waves
The fetch The amount of time wind blows The strength of the wind
26
The movement of water up the beach is called the …
Swash
27
The movement of water down the beach is called the
Backwash
28
What are destructive waves
waves erode the beach
29
What are constructive waves
waves are beach builders
30
What is mechanical weathering
Water gets into cracks and joints in the rock When the water freezes it expands and the cracks open a little wider When the water thaws, the crack contracts, releasing pressure on the crack Over time, repeated freezing and thawing, widens the crack until pieces of rock split off
31
What is chemical weathering
occurs when rocks are broken down by a chemical process
32
What is biological weathering
takes place when rocks are worn away by living organisms
33
What is traction
where large heavy material is dragged along the sea floor
34
What is saltation
where smaller material is bounced along the sea floor
35
What is suspension
where fine material is held in the water
36
What is solution
dissolved material is carried in the water
37
What is longshore drift
Influenced by the prevailing wind, waves approach the beach at an angle As the waves break, the swash carries material up the beach at the same angle As the swash dies away, the backwash carries the material down the beach at right angles (90°) The process repeats, transporting material along the beach in a zig-zag movement
38
What is a spit
An extended stretch of sand that extends out to sea from the shore
39
How are spits formed
Sediment is transported by the action of longshore drift Where the coastline changes direction, a shallow, sheltered area allows for the deposition of sediment Due to increased friction, more deposition occurs Eventually, a spit slowly builds up to sea level and extends in length If the wind changes direction, then the wave pattern alters and results in a hooked end The area behind the spit becomes sheltered
40
What are the human activities that take place on the coast
Development Agriculture Industry Coastal management
41
How can coastal flooding be caused
Storm surges Storm tides Tsunamis
42
What is hard engineering
involves building some form of sea defence, usually from concrete, wood or rock
43
What is soft engineering
works with natural processes rather than against them
44
What are the characteristics of the upper course
Shallow Steep valley sides Narrow Low velocity Vertical erosion
45
What are the characteristics of the middle course
Deeper than upper course channel Gentle valley sides Wider than upper course channel Greater velocity than upper course Lateral erosion
46
What are the characteristics of the lower course
Deeper than middle course channel Wider than middle course channel Greater velocity than the middle course channel Deposition is dominant
47
What is deposition
when a river does not have enough energy to carry its material and it drops it
48
How are waterfalls formed
The soft rock erodes quicker, undercutting the hard rock and creating a plunge pool This leads to the development of an overhang of hard rock which eventually over time, collapses The overhang falls into the plunge pool increasing abrasion and making the plunge pool deeper The process then begins again and the waterfall retreats upstream leaving a steep sided gorge
49
How are V shaped valley’s formed
Vertical erosion is dominant in the upper course of the river This cuts down into the river bed and deepens the river channel Weathering and mass movement leads to material from the valley sides collapsing into the river forming a steep v-shaped valley
50
How are meanders formed
The fastest water flow is on the outside of the river bends, leading to erosion: The erosion undercuts the river bank forming a river cliff The river bank collapses and the edge of the meander moves further out
51
How are oxbow lakes formed
The erosion on outside bends can eventually lead to the formation of a meander neck At a time of flood, the river may cut through the neck of the meander forming a straighter course for the water The flow of water at entry and exit from the meander will be slower, leading to deposition The meander becomes cut off from the main river channel, forming an oxbow lake
52
What are levees
The heaviest material is deposited first nearest to the river channel forming natural embankments called levees
53
What is lag time
The time difference between the peak rainfall and peak discharge
54
What are the factors that cause high and low flood risk
55
What are the impacts of flooding

CC-2224 Geo Paper 2 (3 decks)

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