The UKs Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
What is a rural settlement in the UK?
A
Settlements with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants (or fewer than 3000 in Scotland)
2
Q
Define conurbation
A
When a city has expanded outwards and absorbed smaller settlements that used to be seperate
3
Q
Define urban core
A
Central part of a conurbation
4
Q
Define urban fringe
A
Settlement areas around edge of urban core
5
Q
Define population density
A
Number of people per km squared
6
Q
What is population density like in the urban core?
A
High
7
Q
What is population density like in the rural areas?
A
Low
8
Q
What is age structure like in the urban core?
A
Many younger, single people
9
Q
What is age structure like in rural areas?
A
Many older people, some single
10
Q
What are economic activities like in the urban core? 5 things
A
Jobs in tourism and renewable energies, offices/HQs, large shops, factories
11
Q
What are economic activities like in rural areas? 5 things
A
Working from home, mining, forestry, farming, market towns
12
Q
What is settlement like in the urban core?
A
Generally more expensive, mix of high and low rise buildings
13
Q
What is settlement like in rural areas?
A
Generally cheaper, low rise buildings
14
Q
What are 5 problems in the rural periphery?
A
Depopulation, accessibility, lack of employment opportunities, challenging physical landscapes, distance from market and investors
15
Q
What are enterprise zones?
A
Places where the government offer companies help with start up costs and reduce taxes by relaxing planning laws and putting cash into derelict land and transport links
16
Q
What is the aim of enterprise zones?
A
Encourage companies to locate in less desirable areas
17
Q
How many enterprise zones were there in England in 2015 and where were they?
A
24, most in urban areas
18
Q
What are regional development grants?
A
Help businesses start up in peripheral areas, including grants, investors have to raise 5.5 times the amount of the grant. Most in Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales
19
Q
How many jobs have been created and are expected to be created by grants?
A
187000 created, 557000 expected by mid 2020s
20
Q
What are EU grants?
A
funds to help poorest regions in the EU with a GDP 75% below EU average
21
Q
Which two qualified for EU grants and when?
A
2015, North Wales and Cornwall
22
Q
Identify 3 rural regions in the UK with no motorways
A
Cornwall, north wales, Scottish highlands
23
Q
What is the a High Speed 2 railway?
A
Railway linking London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds
24
Q
What did Scotland’s government invest in?
A
Borders railway Edinburgh to tweedbank, A9 between Perth and Inverness
25
Define migration
The movement of people from one place to another due to economic, social, political or environment push or pull factors
26
Define retirement migration
Involves older people who decide to retire to a different part of the uk
27
Which areas are the most affected by retirement migration and why?
South west of England (Cornwall, Devon, Dorset) due to its beautiful scenery, slower pace of life, lower crime rates
28
How has retirement migration impacted the society and economy? 5 things
Increase pressure on health services, increase on house prices, young adults move away because they can’t afford a home and therefore there is a shortage of children, demand for chiropodists and social activities which creates jobs
29
Define rural to urban migration
Involves people moving from rural to urban areas, often young adults
30
What causes rural to urban migration in the uk?
Few job opportunities in the rural area (isolated areas like North Wales) except farming which is difficult
31
How has rural to urban migration affected the society and economy?
A concentration of older people who have decided not to move shown in the population geography of areas like mid wales
32
Define international migration
When people migrate from one country to another
33
What caused international migration to the uk in 1950 and which areas were most affected?
Uk government encouraged immigration from former colonies due to a shortage of workers in the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. By 1971, 1 million had moved (mostly young adults with children), the most popular places were London Birmingham and Bradford
34
How did international migration affect the UK economy and society? 5 things
New source of skilled and unskilled labour, population density increase, pressure on services increase, culture introduced, decreased and increased pay in different areas
35
What has employment in the primary sector changed over time?
Was the most popular sector pre- industrial (70%) but became less popular over time and is now the second least (10%)
36
How has employment in the secondary sector changed over time?
Has stayed the second most popular sector, increased then decreased during the industrial period but overall has increased since the initial percentage (20%-30%)
37
How has employment in the tertiary sector changed over time?
Increased from being the second least popular pre-industrial (10%) to the most by 2000 (55%)
38
How has the number of agriculture employees in the uk changed overtime and why?
Dropped from 690,000 in 1990 to 49000 in 2009 due to mechanisation and more use of chemicals
39
How has the number of people in the uk employed in mining changed over time and why?
Decreased from 15,300 to 11,200 between 2000 and 2011 due to more mechanisation, mineral deposits being exhausted, cheaper and easier to import from abroad
40
How has the number of people in the uk employed in iron and steel changed over time and why?
Decreased from 250,000 in 1960 to 20,000 in 2010 due to goverment experiencing strikes in the 60s and 70s, cheaper to import steel from Korea or countries in Europe
41
How has the number of people in the uk employed in footwear clothing and textiles changed over time and why?
Decreased from 1 million in 1960 to 100,000 in 2010 due to it being cheaper to import textiles from Taiwan, India, Bangladesh
42
What jobs does the tertiary sector include? Give 6
Retail, hotels, finance, education, catering, health
43
How much has people working in health increased by?
90% between 1981-2011
44
How much has the number of employees in IT, profession, technical, scientific employment grown by and why?
Between 1981-2011 it grew from 17 million to 37 million due to investment in larger research facilities to keep up with rapidly moving facilities
45
Why are jobs in the quarternary sector important? 5 reasons
Highly skilled, highly paid, employ university graduates, research used to invent new products to be exported, TNCs in this sector quick to invest in new products
46
Which three were previously the main industries of the North East?
Coal mining, ship building, chemical and steel and iron production
47
How has the number of coal miners in the NE changed?
In 1947 it was 108,000 in 107 pits, by 1994 it the last post closed and it was 55
48
Which sector does the NE rely on nowadays?
Secondary and public services
49
What are the average weekly earnings in the north east?
£455
50
What are the average house prices in the NE?
£145,000
51
What is the average crime per 1000 in the NE?
53
52
What is the population of the NE?
2.6 million, 4% of Uk
53
What is the median age in the NE?
41.5 years
54
What is the unemployment rate in the NE?
10.3%
55
What is the reason people are moving from the Uk to look for work?
Population decline
56
Describe the south east industry
More private in the tertiary and quaternary sectors, better economic conditions than the NE
57
What are average weekly earnings in SE?
£613
58
What is the average house price in the SE?
£425,000
59
What is the average crime per 1000 in the SE?
95
60
What is the median age in the SE?
42.9 years
61
What is the unemployment rate in the SE?
6%
62
Which three things makes the SE well connected?
Home to UK’s four major airports (Luton Heathrow Stansted Gatwick), situated near important ports (Southampton), many motorway networks
63
Which countries have always invested the most FDI and least into the UK?
USA, Luxembourg
64
How much has the UK’s FDI increased?
726billion GBP in 2010 to 1065billion GDP in 2014
65
What are transnational cooperations?
Large companies that operate in other countries
66
What has happened because the uk has become globalised?
TNCs invest and locate here, UK companies locate abroad
67
What do networks do?
Linking countries together through internet or trading blocs
68
What do flows refer to?
Flows of goods and services such as raw materials, manufactured goods, money or migrant workers
69
What are global players?
TNCs have a big influence on global economy
70
What is privatisation?
The government shift ownership of companies from public to private which encourages more businesses to invest in the uk
71
What are four benefits of globalisation?
£1 trillion Investment from foreign companies, new technologies from foreign companies (innovation), promotes diversity and understanding, raises awareness of global issues like natural disasters
72
What are four negatives of globalisation?
Economic problems abroad can result in job loss in the uk, TNCs can outcompete UK companies, richest companies dominate world trade, local traditions may be eroded
73
Give a fact about London’s situation
London is close to Europe and can trade there by sea easily
74
Give three facts about London’s site
Land is mostly flat, Thames bridge is located at the last place it was shallow enough to cross before reaching the estuary, land originally marshy but ideal for a port
75
Give six facts about London’s connectivity
UK’s fastest railway services link major cities, London’s time zone helps economic growth as it can trade with Asia, Australia then New York later in the day, wide cultural connections (its schools teach students from over 200 countries), 2nd biggest airport and worlds largest air hub, most major A roads lead to London (radial network), Eurostar brings European cities within a few hours travel of London
76
Give 4 points London’s urban rural fringe (Epping Forest)
almost every home has a garden so building density is lower, most houses built in 20th century, some industry, environmental quality is higher
77
Give 6 points about London’s CBD
land use dominated by offices, people concentrated working in finance, oldest part of city, easiest to access due to radial roads so land value is high and densely built, high rise buildings, London’s expanding knowledge economy has caused the CBD to expand (Canary Wharf forms a second CBD and the west end a third)
78
Give 4 facts about London’s inner suburbs
In the industrial revolution factories and densely packed terrace housing were built close to central London, a few high income suburbs wanted their population close to the city, larger old houses divided into flats for rent, environmental quality varies between run down and changing areas
79
Describe Kensington
One of the worlds most expensive suburbs, located 1km east of the west end, on the edge of Hyde Park
80
Describe Hackney
Area of older factories and newer flats to replace them, located 1km east of the city
81
What proportion of the foreign born population in England and Wales live in London?
50%
82
Between 2001 and 2011 how much has migrant population Increased by?
1 million (from 2 to 3 million)
83
What is the main challenge of the increased number of migrants in London?
Planning/managing to provide services like schools and hospitals
84
What are migrants like in London, economically?
Either the wealthiest or most vulnerable people in society because some take the highest skilled and paid jobs and others take the lowest
85
How is the migrant population distributed in London?
Inner London has always had a greater population however outer boroughs have had a greater percentage increase
86
What is the public perception of migration in London?
Population is much less hostile than in other areas of the UK
87
What is ethnicity like in Richmond upon Thames?
85% white, 7% Asian but many residents born overseas
88
What is income like in Richmond upon Thames?
High income area, 69% have professional or managerial jobs, average income is £41000
89
What is housing like in Richmond upon Thames?
Stable area where affluent people buy expensive property, 69% own own property, 16% rent privately, 15% rent from social housing
90
What are services like in Richmond upon Thames?
Less pressure on schools with less children, higher average percentage in care homes
91
What is culture like in Richmond upon Thames?
Predominantly white middle class
92
What is ethnicity like in Lambeth?
38% born outside of UK from 152 countries, black 25%, white 55%, Asian 8%
93
What is income like in Lambeth?
average
94
What is housing like in Lambeth?
44% own property, 20% rent privately, 34% rent from social housing
95
What are schools like in Lambeth?
81% of children in schools with ethnic backgrounds, 140 languages in schools, English is a second language
96
What is culture like in Lambeth?
Varies from black Caribbean culture to white middle class
97
What is ethnicity like in Newham?
Only 30% of population is white, high Asian ans black Caribbean and African population
98
What is age and gender structure like in Newham?
High percentage of population is of working age, more males than females, high birth rate
99
What is income and housing like in Newham?
Low income area so most people live in rented accommodation, only 32% only own property
100
What are services like in Newham?
Schools and social services under pressure
101
What is culture like in Newham? 4 things
Many temples, mosques, African Anglican churches, Asian food shops and businesses
102
Define deprivation
A lack of wealth and services resulting in low standards of living caused by low income, poor health and low educational qualifications
103
What 7 domains does the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) take into account?
Income, employment, crime, healthcare, education, environment, barriers to services and housing
104
Where are the majority of deprived areas located?
Inner London (CBD), midlands, north east
105
What is the infant mortality per 1000 births in Newham?
5.5
106
What is the infant mortality per 1000 births in Richmond?
2.75
107
What is the percentage of people with a limiting long term illness in Newham?
12.3
108
What is the percentage of people with a limiting long term illness in Richmond?
7.6
109
What is the number of premature deaths (before age 65) per 100,000 in Newham?
210
110
What is the number of premature deaths (before age 65) per 100,000 in Richmond?
121
111
What is the percentage of students ages 16 who did not get 5 GCSEs at A-C in 2012 in Newham?
62
112
What is the percentage of students ages 16 who did not get 5 GCSEs at A-C in 2012 in Richmond?
63
113
What is the percentage of 19 year olds with no qualifications in Newham?
41
114
What is the percentage of 19 year olds with no qualifications in Richmond?
37
115
What is the percentage of students who have free school meals in Newham?
20
116
What is the percentage of students who have free school meals in Richmond?
8.4
117
What is the percentage of adults educated to degree level in Newham?
26
118
What is the percentage of adults educated to degree level in Richmond?
64
119
Why are incomes lower in Newham than Richmond, linking to education ?
The percentage of those with degree qualifications is higher in Richmond therefore these people have access to higher skilled jobs which would be higher paid
120
Why are incomes lower in Newham than Richmond, linking to illness ?
The percentage of people with s limiting long term illness is higher in Newham which means more people would be unable to do highly skilled jobs or work at all, preventing them earning a high income
121
Why does the diversity in London cause inequalities?
A lot of children with English as a second language in areas like Newham meaning it would be harder for them to achieve educational qualifications and therefore access higher skilled jobs
122
Why does the number of migrants in London cause inequalities?
In areas where there is a higher influx of migrants (Newham), there would be lower incomes because migrants take lower skilled and lower paid jobs
123
What is meant by deindustrialisation?
Industries move away from and close in areas to move to cheaper land
124
How did deindustrialisation affect people of London? 2 facts
Between 1951 and 1981, 100,000 jobs dropped to just 27,000 in the docklands, jobs in manufacturing declined by 80% after 1960 as manufacturing moved out of London and then abroad
125
What is meant by depopulation?
People leave an area in search of work
126
Why did depopulation occur in London and when?
Unemployment rates reached over 60% in east London therefore between 1971-81 inner London boroughs lost over 500,000 people (16% of population), nearly 100,000 of these were from areas closest to docks and Lea valley
127
When did London’s docks close?
1981
128
What caused the closure of London’s docks?
Use of containers transporting goods for global trade by sea. New container ships were larger so ports moved downstream where water was deeper
129
Which two things did the closure of London’s docks cause in that area?
Deindustrialisation and depopulation
130
What is suburbanisation?
This is where outer suburbs of London gain people
131
What process did depopulation of inner cities speed up?
Suburbanisation
132
How suburbanisation made possible? 2 facts
London’s underground opened in 1863 and in 1930 the network was established so suburban city workers could be in the city in 30 mins. The electrification of surface rail in 1920s made travel beyond London faster - commuters in Guildford (50km away) could reach the city in 30 mins
133
What is decentralisation?
Shifting the balance of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD because land is cheaper and more space is available
134
What caused decentralisation in London?
As people moved to the suburbs they spend their money there too therefore shopping habits changed. E-commerce , out of town shopping centres , business parks , retail parks
135
How have out of town shopping centres led to decentralisation and what is an example?
Developed under cover shopping to attract customers, larger centres developed even further out (close to m25) an example is Bluewater in Kent
136
How have retail parks led to decentralisation and what is an example?
Built away from suburban shopping centres but close to major roads which attracts customers as they are easily accessible . New retail park is an example
137
How have business parks led to decentralisation and what is an example?
These are areas for employment m. Stockley Park near Heathrow is an example and is easily accessible
138
How has e- commerce led to decentralisation?
Buying online has become much easier and products online can be bought from far afield by a London dweller
139
What have the company Westfield done to tempt people back into inner London?
It is London’s most accessible point by rail and underground outside the centre of the city and is Europe’s largest shopping centre
140
How many people did London lose between 1951-1981?
1.5 million
141
Which four factors have allowed London to grow in size?
Counterurbanisation, increased divorce and later marriage, surburbanisation, family size
142
How has counter urbanisation caused London to grow in size?
People moved out of London into areas surrounding London so the boundary between city and countryside has become less obvious
143
How has London become a sprawling city?
It’s expanding and invading surrounding rural areas known as the rural urban fringe
144
How has suburbanisation caused London to grow in size?
Moving from inner London to outer suburbs mean people move to bigger housing so the same people take up more space
145
How has family size led to London’s growing size?
Family size has decreased, fertility rates fell from 3 in 1961 to 1.6 by 2011. Those born in the 60s created their own families so needed more space
146
How has increased divorce and later marriage led to London’s growing size?
This means people are single for longer and there is an increasing number of homes needed
147
How was London’s growth limited?
A green belt was introduced by planners to protect the countryside which created a belt where no major building was allowed and further expansion could only occur beyond it
148
When did re-urbanisation begin in London and what is this?
1991, the movement of people back into an area that has been previously abandoned
149
What four factors have caused reurbanisation in London?
Space, investment, gentrification, studentification
150
How has space caused re urbanisation in London?
closure of London’s docks and industries created space for development, new housing and offices have been developed around dock land
151
How has investment into London caused re urbanisation? 3 points
In 1981 the government invested 1.8 billion GBP into London's docklands, Investment by large TNCs created 100,000 jobs in the financial and business services in London’s dock lands. Bank of America has its European headquarters in London so it attracts people to move and take the jobs
152
How has gentrification caused re urbanisation in London?
Many high income workers prefer to live closer to work than commute. Many formal working class areas have been regenerated and become occupied and renewed by middle classes enjoying theatres bars and restaurants
153
How has studentification caused re urbanisation in London?
Lots of overseas students in London. Universities bring employment (academic lecturers etc) and student spending (pubs shops restaurants buy-to-let properties)
154
Define studentification
Refers to parts of the city where students live in large numbers
155
Define gentrification
The process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle class taste
156
Define regeneration
Developing areas to improve them
157
What sort of legacy has London’s Olympic Games 2012 left on the city?
Legacy left on the huge park. Prior to the games it was a largely derelict cinema now it is home to West Ham football team and hosts many concerts. Nearby a cultural quarter is being developed by a saddlers wells opera company
158
What is the challenge with transport in London?
How can all the people in London be transported sustainably
159
What 3 things are being done in London to tackle the challenge with transport?
Introduced a congestion charge in 2003 which charged motorists for daytime travel into central London Monday to Friday, Source London provides 4500 electric vehicle charging points around London by 2018, since 2012 buses have been hybrid (use a conventional engine with electric motor)
160
How successful has the approach to improving transport been?
Very successful with social, economic and social impacts: resulted in 6% increase in bus passengers, £1.2billion income in ten years which is invested back into London’s economy, buses more clean and fuel efficient
161
What is the challenge with employment in London?
Can employers be persuaded that people do not need to travel into the office to do their job?
162
What 2 things are being done to tackle the challenge with employment?
Many companies and organisations encourage people to work from home 1-2 days a week, flexible working hours are more common which allows people to travel more cheaply and easily outside rush hour
163
How successful has the approach to improving employment been ?
Not very successful because although the percentage of people working mostly from home doubled 4.3% to 8.6% in 2012, this is still only 1 in 12. You can’t work from home if you work in a restaurant.
164
What is the challenge with affordable housing in London?
People face long commutes just so they can live somewhere affordable because cheaper housing lies outside of London
165
What five things are being done to tackle the challenge with affordable housing?
City authorities run affordable housing schemes, property developers must include set number of affordable homes in new estates, landlords who rent housing have to make low rent housing, authorities provide support for people to help people find affordable housing, ‘first steps’(organised by mayor of London’s office) offers shared ownership meaning you buy 25% or 50% of a property and rent the remainder and as your income rises you pay more
166
How successful has the approach to tackling affordable housing been?
Unsuccessful because some projects are still very expensive for example Kings Park in Harold Wood in Essex where it costs over £400,000 for a 3 bedroom property with mortgage and rent together costing £1500 a month
167
What is the challenge with energy efficient housing in London?
Can affordable housing be cheap to run by being energy efficient?
168
How is energy efficient housing being tackled?
BedZED (Beddington Zero Energy Development) in Sutton, South London, is a sustainable community promoting energy conservation, uses 81% less energy for heating, 45% less electricity, 58% less water than average British homes and recycles 60% of waste
169
How successful has the approach to energy efficient housing been?
Reasonably successful as there have been 100 houses apartments offices and workplaces however it is London’s only project like this
170
What is the challenge with recycling in London?
London’s behind the rest of the Uk for recycling -only 34% of its waste is recycled against Uk average of 43%
171
How is the issue of recycling being tackled in London? 5 things
By 2020 London aims to reduce household waste by 10% by: reusing waste, providing accessible recycling and composting services, providing recycling bins all over the city, develop waste burner power stations to generate heat and power
172
How successful has tackling recycling been?
Successful because the added bonus to reducing household waste is that one third of fuel used in the energy centre is household waste which heats water to generate energy for the whole park
173
Which strategy aiming to make London more sustainable has been the most successful?
Transport because there has been social economic and environmental impacts but no limitations. Such a large income in such a short amount of time
174
What is the population in London?
8 million
175
What is the population in Terling and where is it located?
764, London’s rural urban fringe
176
How high are house prices in London in comparison to Terling?
More than double -3 bedroom house in London on average in £1,100,000 whereas in Terling it is £500,000
177
Where was the original met office located and where has it moved to?
Moved from Bracknell (London) to Sowton in Exeter (170 miles from London)
178
What percentage of staff relocated when the met office relocated?
70% which was about 800 employees and their families
179
Why did the met office relocate?
Land costs were £90 per square metre annually in London which is ten times more expensive than Exeter
180
How are the new met office buildings connected to London?
3km from Exeter airport with daily flights to London, 42 trains a day to London, met office is 0.5km from the M5 junction 29
181
How is population change a pressure on Devon?
in 2014 Devin gained 5000 migrants from the UK due to its nice whether most of which were retired or families
182
How is pressure on housing a problem in Devon?
Planning permission is hard due to its impact on scenery and two thirds of east Devon is classified as ‘Area or Outstanding Beauty’, more affordable housing needed because income is 10% lower than UK average but housing prices are only 3% lower
183
How is pressure on leisure and recreation a problem in Devon?
It’s accessibility brings an estimated 15 million visitors on day trips every year which puts pressure on roads and environmentally sensitive areas
184
In which three ways are rural and urban areas dependant on eachother?
Flows of people, flows of services, flows of goods and money
185
What do flows of people include?
Rural residents travel to the city for jobs lifestyle and education , urban residents travel to rural areas for quality of life
186
What do flows of services involve?
Rural residents use urban hospitals and universities , urban residents use rural areas for recreation
187
What do flows of goods and money involve?
Rural residents get consumer goods, urban residents get food from rural areas
188
How many people leave places in the rural urban fringe to go to work in London everyday?
650,000
189
What do settlements in the rural urban fringe become?
Dormitory towns and villages (places where people sleep but are away during the day)
190
What are three advantages of the relationship between rural and urban areas?
People living in rural areas but working in the city can get higher wages - ECONOMIC, urban residents can access pleasant rural landscapes for leisure -ENVIRONMENTAL, people in accessible rural areas can access urban centralised services like hospitals -SOCIAL
191
What are three disadvantages of the relationship between rural and urban areas?
Rural locations become too expensive for young people to buy homes -SOCIOECONOMIC, development of greenfield sites makes rural areas more urban -ENVIRONMENTAL, urban decentralisation as developments move to the rural urban fringe -ECONOMIC
192
Define rural diversification
Development of methods of income generation that are in addition to or instead of traditional rural income sources such as farming and quarrying
193
What are three examples in Cornwall of rural opportunities?
Eden Project, Lobbs farm shop, tourist accommodation
194
What is the Eden project?
An education centre of running courses about sustainable living which was designed on sustainable principles
195
How successful has the Eden Project been? 6 facts
successful in the beginning because it received 13 million visitors in the first 10 years however a negative would be 97% of these arrived by car which was not beneficial for the environment and now visitor numbers are falling. Benefitted Cornwall’s economy since spending on accommodation and meals generated £1billion, employed 700 people and 3000 jobs elsewhere
196
What does Lobbs farm shop do?
Sell produce such as meat and vegetables from their farm as well as Cornish wine and cheese to the 200,000 people who visit the nearby ‘Lost Gardens of Heligan’ in South Heligan, includes a visitor centre
197
How successful was Lobbs farm shop?
Economically successful because turnover is £100,000 per year, £10 spent in the ship is £23 in the Cornwall economy due to the multiplier effect, created 2 full time and 8 part time jobs
198
What does tourist accommodation include?
Many farms now supplement their income with that from tourism including barn conversions, using farmland for campsites. leisure complexes like log cabins, health spas, swimming pools, play areas to encourage families
199
What is a limitation of tourist accommodation?
Increasing number of barn conversions results in a reduced number of nesting places for birds, swallows, owls
200
What are the four issues in Cornwall?
Affordable housing, decline in primary employment, employment, health and services
201
How is affordable housing an issue for Cornwall?
A high proportion of its population are deprived of affordable housing
202
How is the decline in primary employment a problem for Cornwall? 6 facts
The number of dairy cattle has fallen by 60% since 2000, milk prices have fallen. Overfishing of the uks fish stocks by EU and UK fishing boats caused fishing to decline. Number of people in China clay quarrying has dropped from 10,000 in 1960 to 1000 due to cheaper clay overseas, quarries have left Cornwall with a lot of wasteland. Tin needs a high global price to make it worth mining so the collapse of its prices led to the closure of Cornwall’s last nine in 1998
203
How is employment a problem in Cornwall?
Cornwall has a medium proportion of its population unable to work through unemployment sickness or disability
204
How is health and services a problem in Cornwall? 4 points
Only 38% of villages have a doctors surgery most of which only open one morning a week, buses serve 70% of villages but there may be only 3-4 a day, main hospital in Truro provides wide range of treatments but its 30 miles away from many parts of Cornwall, young people have to travel 30 miles for sixth form education or training but travel costs are high
205
Define multiplier effect
a given change in a particular input, such as government spending, causes a larger change in an output, such as gross domestic product
206
Define brownfield site
Land which is built on then not used anymore
207
Define knowledge economy
Economy based upon specialised knowledge and skill
208
Define greenfield site
An area of agricultural or forest land, or some other undeveloped site earmarked for commercial development or industrial projects
209
How is affordability calculated?
Comparing average house prices with average income
210
Where is Stoke-on-Trent located and is it rural or urban?
North of England, urban
211
Where is The Chilterns located and is it rural or urban?
North West of London, rural
212
Where is Richmond located and is it rural or urban?
Central London, urban
213
Where is Devon located and is it rural or urban?
South West of England, rural
214
Why are incomes low in areas like Devon?
Income depends on economic activity in the area. In rural areas income is based upon farming which has a low income
215
Why is housing in areas like Devon relatively unaffordable?
Coastal areas attract migrants due to their slower pace of life, beautiful scenery and lower crime rates so prices increase. When there is a higher demand for something prices increase
216
Why is housing in South East of England unaffordable?
Population density is higher so there is more demand for housing. The more demand, the higher the price
217
Define diversification
When a business decides to sell other products or services in order to grow
218
Identify two reasons why rural population structure changes
People who work in cities often remove to rural areas to retire due to the slower pace of life beautiful scenery and lower crime rates, younger people who grow up in rural areas tend to move to urban because of wider job opportunities higher pay and better services
219
Give 3 facts about how international migration has increased over the last 60 years
In 1961 3% of people living in the UK were born in another country but in 2015 13% of UK residents were born in another country (8 million people), in 2015 UK net immigration (difference between those immigrating and those emigrating m) was estimated at 336,000
220
Give 2 facts about UKs age structure linked to immigration
In 2014 25% of people living in Inner London were aged 25-34 compared with 13% in the rest of the UK because this area tends to be popular for migrants, 27% of births in the UK in 2014 were from mothers born outside of the UK because most migrants are young and move to start families
221
Describe the UK immigration policy
Current (2016) policy is to reduce the level of net migration to 100,000 per year. The UK is a member of the European Economic Area so the government cannot restrict the movement of EEA citizens to the UK, meaning UK policy is to make immigration by non EU people more difficult
222
What had London's docks previously been used for?
In 1930s they were the world's largest docks, products came to London from all over the British empire
223
Why has London been able to deal with the decline in the secondary industry?
It was already a global financial centre so government invested 1.8 billion to encourage the redevelopment of London's docks, allowing the financial industry (tertiary sector) to expand and create new jobs
224
Define globalisation
Process by which trade and investment build more and more connections between countries
225
Define foreign direct investment
When people in one country invest in businesses in another country to the extent that they gain significant control over how those businesses are run
226
Define transnational corporations
Businesses run from one country that have control over enterprises in other countries
227
How much has FDI in the UK increased by?
By 88% between 2005 and 2015
228
Give 4 reasons why the UKs FDI has increased
Globalisation is strong in banking and finance because money can be moved electronically around the world (London is a global centre for finance), trade deals with developed and emerging countries make imports and exports cheaper and easier and create UK jobs, EU encourages free trade between member states and sets up good trade deals for whole EU with other countries, government increases FDI by privatising industries and allowing foreign companies to buy them
229
Give 2 characteristics of the rural urban fringe
Land use is extensive as there is more space for expansion so retail centres have very large car parks for example. High residential population, it is an area dominated by expensive family housing
230
What are the 3 key ideas about urban change and land use?
New arrivals arrive in a city and move to the cheapest areas in the inner city, more established residents move to suburbs where housing is more expensive but living conditions are better, industry and housing often develop along main roads and railways
231
What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
Scores small areas across the whole UK from 1 (most deprived) to 32482 (least deprived) based on a range of different measures
232
Give 3 reasons why places have deprivation 'hot spots'
Lack of jobs as industry moves out of the inner city leaving people behind who cannot afford to move, inner city areas have old housing which residents cannot afford to maintain so there is a low environmental quality, crime increases with deprivation which reduces investment in the inner city
233
Give 2 ways in which recent migrants impact on the character of the city
Bring new cuisines so new types of restaurants arrive and new types of food are able in shops, strengthen the small business sector by increasing the number of shops and types of services in the area
234
Identify 3 positive impacts of regeneration
New job opportunities in an area, better access to services for residents (leisure services, retail outlets, cinemas), derelict buildings get repurposed or rebuilt
235
Identify 3 negative impacts of regeneration
Area becomes too expensive for poorer people to live in, new jobs may be low paid service jobs like café work, cities lose individuality because regeneration strategies are similar in many UK cities
236
Identify 3 features of an expanding commuter village
Richer newcomers and poorer locals, many young families, many older people who have retired from the city
237
Identify 3 reasons why rural areas experience economic and social changes
People moving from the city can afford to pay more for houses which pushes up house prices and leaves less housing available that local people can afford, growth in recreation and leisure services in rural areas but fewer people going into farming jobs, services like banks/pubs/shops/post offices closed in many villages, commuter villages seem empty during the week and are congested at weekends because commuters leave early and get back late
238
Why do changing rural areas bring opportunities for rural diversification?
People moving from cities to rural areas increases the market for leisure services. People commuting to the ity from rural areas can access higher wages then spend more on leisure activities where they live
239
Why are there so few jobs available and weekly earnings are low in the NE?
It has deindustrialised
240
Why has secondary employment declined in the UK? 3 reasons
Many manufacturing companies have relocated to developing countries where manufacturing costs are cheaper due to cheap labour and lack of rules and regulations, globalisation has allowed manufacturing companies to be based in cheaper locations, improvements in transport technology allow goods to be transported easier
