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THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Non-scientific Thought

A
  1. Ancient Egyptians believed that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun
  2. God Mbombo felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited the star, sun and moon
  3. Sacrifice of Purusha and its body parts became the earth, sky, sun, moon
  4. Monotheistic Religions believed that a supreme being created the universe
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2
Q

they believed that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun

A

Ancient Egyptians

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3
Q

They felt an intense stomach pain and vomited the stars, sun, and moon

A

God Mbombo

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4
Q

He was sacrificed by the gods, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and koon

A

Purusha

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5
Q

They believed that a supreme being created the universe

A

Monotheistic religion

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6
Q

3 Monotheistic religions

A
  1. Judaism
  2. Christianity
  3. Islam
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7
Q

It maintains the new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density

A

Steady State Model

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8
Q

They created the Steady State Model

A

Bondi and Gould and by Hoyle

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9
Q

When was the Steady State Model created

A

1948

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10
Q

postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state

A

Big Bang Theory

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11
Q

2 Theories or Ideas in the Big Bang Theory:

A
  1. General Relativity
  2. Cosmological Principle
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12
Q

gravity is thought as a distortion of space-time and no longer described by a gravitational field

A

General Theory of Relativity

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13
Q

explains the peculiarities of the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light by the Sun and has passed rigorous tests

A

General Relativity

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14
Q

assumes that the universe is homogenous and isotropic when averaged over large scales

A

Cosmological Principle

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15
Q

The Big Bang Theory has withstood the tests for expansion:

A
  1. The redshift
  2. Abundance of hydrogen, helium and lithium
  3. The uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave background radiation the remnant heat from the bang
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16
Q

Evolution of the Universe according to the Big Bang Theory

A

• Time zero until 10^-43 second later, all matter and energy in the universe existed as a hot, dense, tiny state
• Underwent extremely rapid, exponential inflation until 10^-32 second until 10 seconds
• Nucleosynthesis took place and produced protons, neutrons, atomic nuclei, then hydrogen, helium, and lithium until 20 minutes after time zero when sufficient cooling didnt allow further nucleosynthesis
• Until 380,000 years, the cooling universe entered a matter-dominated period when photons decoupled from matter and light could travel freely as still observed today in the form of cosmic microwave
• As it cools down, stars rise after 380,000 years and galaxies would form after 100 million years from time zero
• 9.8 billion years until the present, the universe became dark-energy dominated and underwent accelerating expansion
• After 9.8 billion years after the big bang theory, the solar system was found

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17
Q

is located in the milky way galaxy

A

Solar System

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18
Q

a huge disc and spiral shaped aggregation of about at least 100 billion stars and other bodies

A

Milky Way Galaxy

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19
Q

1 light year =

A

9,.4607 x 10^12km

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20
Q

revolves around the galactic center once in about 240 million years

A

solar system

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21
Q

Milky Way is part of the

A

Local Group of galaxies

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22
Q

is part of the so called Local Group of galaxies

A

Milk Way

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23
Q

How old is the Earth and Solar system

A

4.6 billion years old

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24
Q

Large Scale Features of the Solar System:

A
  1. Much of the mass of the Solar System is concentrated at the center while angular momentum is held by outer planets
  2. Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same. All planets revolve around the sun
  3. Periods of revolution of the planets increase with increasing distance from the Sun, innermost planet moves fastest, outermost is slowest
  4. All planets are located at regular intervals from the Sun
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25
Small scale feature of the Solar System:
1. Most planets rotate prograde 2. Inner terrestrial planets are made of high melting materials and they rotate slower. They also have thin/no atmosphere, higher densities, and lower volatiles 3. Outer planets rotate faster, have thick atmosphere, lower densities, and fluid interiors
26
rotation of counterclockwise when viewed from above the Earth’s North Pole
Prograde
27
What are the four outer planets or gasgiants
1. Jupiter 2. Uranus 3. Saturn 4. Neptune
28
Are made of high melting materials and they rotate slower due. They also have thin/no atmosphere, higher densities, and lower volatiles
Inner terrestrial planets
29
Rotate faster, have thick atmosphere, lower densities, and fluid interiors
Outer planets
30
Elements Abundance on Earth, Meteorites and Universe
Si Al Fe Mg Ca Na K Mn
31
Hypothesis about the Origin of the Solar system:
1. Nebular Hypothesis 2. Encounter Hypothesis 3. Protoplanet Hypothesis
32
Who created the Nebular Hypothesis
Emanuel Swedenborg Immanuel Kant Pierre Simon Laplace
33
Rotating gaseous cloud that cools and contracts in the middle to form the sun and the rest into disc that become the planets
Nebular Hypothesis
34
sun-star encounter that would have drawn from the sun matter that would condense to planets
James Jeans (1917)
35
Sun comet encounter that sent natter to form planet
Buffon (1749)
36
Who created the planetissimal hypothesis
T.C. Chamberlain and F.R Moulton (1904)
37
involves. star much bigger than the Sun passing by the Sun and draws gaseous filaments from both out which planetissimals were formed
Planetissimal hypothesis
38
Sun’s companion star colliding with another to form a protoplanet that breaks up to form Jupiter and Saturn
Ray Lyttleton (1940)
39
proposed that sun passed through a dense interstellar cloud and emerged with a dusty, gaseous envelope that became the planets
Otto Schmidt’s accretion theory
40
rogue star passes close to the sun then gas is tidally removed from both rogue star and sun. The rogue star material is less dense and becomes outer Solar system planets while the inner solar system material is more dense and becomes terrestrial planets
Encounter Hypothesis
41
a variation of James Jean’s near collision hypothesis
M.M. Woolfson’s capture theory
42
Noble prize winner that studies on meteorites in the 1950s that led to the conclusion that meteorite constituents have changed very little since the solar system’s early history and can give clues about their formation
Harold Urey’s
43
Is the current hypothesis in the solar system
Protoplanet Hypothesis
44
4.6 billion years ago, in the orion arm of the milky way galaxy, slow rotating gas and dust starts to contract due to gravity. Most of the mass move to the center and becomes a proton sun while the remaining form a disc that becomes planets. Due to collisions, the fragments began to stick to each other that formed larger bodies of planets. When the proton-sun is established as a star, its solar wind blasts from the inner planets to beyond mars to form gas giants leaving behind a system we know today
protoplanet hypothesis
45
comprises all space and time and all matter and energy in it
universe
46
how many baryonic matter
4.6% baryonic matter
47
matter consisting of protons, electrons, neutrons
baryonic matter
48
how many cold dark matter
24% cold dark matter
49
how many dark energy
71.4% dark energy
50
The universe is made up of:
4.6% baryonic matter 24% cold dark matter 71.4% dark energy
51
matter that has gravity but does not emit light
cold dark matter
52
source of anti gravity
dark energy
53
can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to so so while dark energy can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe
Dark matter
54
3 most abundant elements
Hydrogen Helium Lithium
55
building block of galaxies born out of clouds of gas and dust
Stars
56
are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combines/fused together
Stellar interiors
57
most stars such as the sun belong to the so-called
main sequence stas
58
burn up their hydrogen faster than smaller stars
Massive main sequence stars
59
minimum temperature for H fusion
5x10 60 C
60
cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies
galaxy
61
He discovered the Redshift
Edwin Hubble
62
when was the red shift discovered
1929
63
the universe expands because galaxies are moving away from each other
redshift
64
he observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through prism are shifter toward the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum, toward the bad of lower frequency; thus, the inference that the star or galaxy must be moving away from us
Edwin Hubble
65
are formed in clouds of gas and dust, known as nebulae
stars
66
a cloud of gas (hydrogen) and dust in space
nebula
67
glows brightly because the gas in it is energized by the stars that have already formed within it
Emission Nebula
68
starlight reflects on the grains of dust in a nebula
reflection nebula
69
dense clouds of molecular hydrogen which partially or completely absorb the light from stars behind them
Dark Nebula
70
are the outer layers of a star that are lost when the star changes from a red giant to a white dwarf
Planetary nebula
71
luminous globe of gas producing its own heat and light by nuclear reactions
star
72
born from nebulae and consist mostly of hydrogen and helium gas
star
73
faintest stars
red dwarf
74
example of an emission nebula
orion nebula
75
smallest mass possible for a star
8%
76
also called as large planet
brown dwarfs
77
objects with less than critical mass shine
brown dwarfs
78
large bright star with a cool surface
red giant
79
they are very bright because they are very large
red giant
80
very large stars (red giants) are often called
super giants
81
have diameters between 10 and 100 times that of the sun
red giant
82
these stars gave diameters up to 1000 times that of the sun and have luminosities often 1M times greater than the sun
super giants
83
very cool, faint and small stars approximately one tenth the mass and diameter of the sun
red dwarf
84
examples of red dwarf
Proxima Centauri Barnard’s Star
85
very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star like the sun
white dwarf
86
explosive death of a star
supernova
87
2 general types of supernova
type 1: occur in binary star systems in which gas from one star falls on to a white dwarf, causing it to explode type 2: occur in stars ten times or more massive as the sun, which suffer runway internal nuclear reactions at the ends of their lives leaving a neutron star or black holes
88
composed mainly of neutrons and are produced when a supernova exploded, forcing the protons and electrons to combine
neutron stars
89
form from massive stars at the end of their lifetimes
blackhole
90
nothing can escape from it, even light, due to its gravitational pull
blackholes

EARTH SCI (3 decks)

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