THE URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood and helps regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances
A
The Urinary System
2
Q
produced by the kidneys to help regulate blood pressure and produces angiotensin II
A
Renin
3
Q
released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow
A
Erythropoetin
4
Q
What are the functions of the kidneys?
A
- disposes wastes and excess ion
- regulate blood volume and maintain proper balance between water and salts, and between acids and bases
- produce renin and release erythropoetin
- convert vitamin D produced in the skin to it’s active form
5
Q
What are the organs of the urinary system?
A
- Kidneys (main organs)
- Paired ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
6
Q
What is the function of the other organs of the urinary system (excluding the the kidneys)?
A
provide temporary storage for urine or serve as transportation channels to carry it from the kidneys to the outside of the body
7
Q
Location of the Kidneys
A
- lie against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region
- extend from the T12 to the L3 vertebra
8
Q
behind the parietal peritoneum
A
retroperitoneal position
9
Q
Which kidney is lower and why?
A
the right kidney is slightly lower because it is crowded by the liver
10
Q
What is the size of the kidneys?
A
12cm long, 6cm wide, and 3cm thick
11
Q
medial indentation in the kidneys where several structures such as the ureters, renal blood vessels and nerves enter or exit the kidneys
A
Renal Hilum
12
Q
sits on top of each kidney
A
Adrenal Gland
13
Q
deepest layer of the kidney; encloses each kidney and gives it a glistening appearance
A
Fibrous Capsule
14
Q
middle layer of the kidney; fatty mass that surrounds each kidney and cushions it against blows
A
Perirenal Fat Capsule
15
Q
most superficial layer made of dense fibrous connective tissue; anchors kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures
A
Renal Fascia
16
Q
caused when amount of fatty tissue dwindles and kidneys drop to a lower position; creates problems if the ureters become kinked
A
Ptosis
17
Q
happens when urine that can no longer pass through the ureters backs up and exerts pressure on the kidney tissues; can severely damage the kidneys
A
Hydronephrosis
18
Q
outer region; dark in colour
A
Renal Cortex
19
Q
darker reddish brown area deep to the cortex
A
Renal Medulla
20
Q
triangular regions with a striped appearance in the renal medulla
A
Renal or Medullary Pyramids
21
Q
separates the renal pyramids
A
Renal Columns
22
Q
lateral to the hilum; flat, funnel-shaped tube; continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum
A
Renal Pelvis
23
Q
extensions of the pelvis; form cup-shaped drains that enclose the pyramid and collects urine
A
Calyces
24
Q
artery supplying each kidney
A
Renal Artery
25
structural and functional units of the kidneys; responsible for forming urine
Nephrons
26
collects fluids from several nephron and conveys it to the calyces and renal pelvis
Collecting Ducts
27
two main structures of a nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
28
found in each renal corpuscle; knot of capillaries and specialises in filtration
Glomerulus
29
part of the renal corpuscle; cup-shaped hollow structure that surrounds the glomerulus
Glomerular Capsule or Bowman's Capsule
30
highly modified octopus-like cells that make up the inner visceral layer of the capsule
Podocytes
31
long branching extensions that intertwine with one another and cling to the glomerulus
Foot Processes
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found between foot processes; allow podocytes to form a porous or leaky membrane around the glomerulus ideal for filtration
Filtration Slits
33
extends from the glomerular capsule and coils and twists before forming a hairpin loop then coils and twists again before entering a collecting duct
Renal Tubule
34
What are the regions of the renal tubule in order from the glomerular capsule?
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
2. Nephron Loop or Loop of Henle
3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
35
covers and increases surface tension of tubule cells exposed to the filtrate in the PCT; found in reduced numbers in other parts of the renal tubule
Microvilli
36
what most nephrons are called; located almost entirely within the cortex
Cortical Nephrons
37
nephrons situated close to the cortex-medullary junction; nephrons loops dig deep into the medulla
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
38
feeds the glomerulus; arises from a cortical radiate artery
Afferent Arteriole
39
receives blood as it leaves the glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
40
low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption; receives solutes and water from tubule cells
Peritubular Capillaries
41
Urine formation is the result of which three processes?
Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
42
nonselective, passive process where water and solutes smaller than proteins are forces through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule
Glomerular Filtration
43
fluid in the capsule; essentially blood plasma without blood proteins
Filtrate
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abnormally low urinary output between 100 and 400 ml/day
Oliguria
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abnormally low urinary output less than 100 ml/day
Anuria
46
begins when filtrate enters the PCT; water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enters into the capillary blood
Tubular Reabsorption
47
H+, K+, creatinine, and drugs are removed from the peritubular blood and secreted by tubule cells into the filtrate; important for getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
Tubular Secretion
48
poorly or not reabsorbed; tend to remain in high concentrations in urine excreted from the body
Nitrogenous Wastes
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formed by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy
Urea
50
released when nucleic acids are metabolised
Uric Acid
51
associated with creatine metabolism in muscle tissue
Creatinine
52
what remains of the filtrate; contains nitrogenous wastes and unneeded or excess substances
Urine
53
pigment that results from the body's destruction of hemoglobin; causes urine to be yellow
Urochrome
54
compares how much heavier urine is than distilled water
Specific Gravity
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condition where the kidney loses its ability to concentrate urine
Chronic Renal Failure
56
kidney inflammation that causes production of concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
Pyelonephritis
57
Substance: Glucose
Name of Condition: Glycosuria
Causes:
-Nonpathological: excessive intake of sugary foods
-Pathological: diabetus mellitus
58
Substance: Proteins
Name of Condition: Proteinuria or Albuminuria
Causes:
-Nonpathological: physical exertion, pregnancy
-Pathological: glomerulonephritis, hypertension
59
Substance: Pus (WBCs and bacteria)
Condition: Pyuria
Cause: urinary tract infection (UTI)
60
Substance: Red Blood Cells
Condition: Hematuria
Causes: bleeding in the urinary tract (due trauma, kidney stones, infection)
61
Substance: Hemoglobin
Condition: Hemoglobinuria
Causes: various causes such as transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia
62
Substance: Bile pigment
Condition: Bilirubinuria
Cause: Liver disease (hepatitis)
63
carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Ureters
64
how smooth muscle layers in ureter walls propel urine
Peristalsis
65
crystals formed by solutes such as uric acid salts that precipitate in the renal pelvis when urine becomes extremely concentrated
Renal Caliculi or Kidney Stones
66
What causes caliculi formation?
Frequent bacterial infections of the urinary tract, urinary retention, and alkaline urine
67
noninvasive procedure that uses ultrasound waves to shatter caliculi
Lithostripy
68
smooth, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily
Urinary Bladder
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two ureter openings
Ureteral Orifices
70
singular opening of the urethra which drains the bladder
Internal Urethral Orifice
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smooth triangular region of the bladder outlined by its three openings; where infections tend to persist
Trigone
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surrounds the neck of the bladder where it empties into the urethra
Prostate
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collective term for three layers of smooth muscle on the bladder wall
Detrusor Muscle
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epithelium of detrusor muscle
Transitional Epithelium
75
thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra
76
at the bladder-urethra junction; keeps urethra closed when urine is not being passed
Internal Urethral Sphincter
77
formed by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor; voluntarily controlled
External Urethral Sphincter
78
inflammation of the urethra
Urethritis
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inflammation of the bladder
Cystitis
80
kidney inflammation
Pyelonephritis or Pyelitis
81
Symptoms of UTI
dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, fever, cloudy or blood-tinged urine
82
painful urination
Dysuria
83
act of emptying the bladder
Micturition or Voiding
84
transmits impulses to the sacral region of the spinal cord and back to the bladder
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
85
occurs when a person is unable to voluntarily control the external sphincter
Incontinence
86
bladder is unable to expel its container urine
Urinary retention
87
enlargement of an organ or tissue
Hyperplasia
88
slender, flexible tube inserted through the urethra to drain the urine and prevent bladder trauma from excessive stretching
Catheter
89
Three major factors that affect the composition of blood:
diet, cellular metabolism, and urine output
90
Four major roles of the kidneys:
- excreting nitrogen-containing wastes
- maintaining water balance of the blood
- maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
- ensuring proper blood pH
91
percentage of water in young adults
60% in men, 50% in women
92
percentage of water in babies
75%
93
percentage of water in old age
45%
94
What is the full flow of blood through the kidneys?
Aorta - Renal Artery - Segmental Artery - Interlobar Artery - Arcuate Artery - Cortical Radiate Artery - Afferent Arteriole - Glomerulus - Efferent Arteriole - Cortical Radiate Vein - Arcuate Vein - Interlobar Vein - Renal Vein - Inferior Vena Cava
95
universal body solvent within which all solutes are dissolved
water
96
fluid compartment where two-thirds of body fluid is contained within the living cells
intracellular fluid (ICF)
97
includes all body fluids located outside the cells
extracellular fluids
98
What are the fluids involved in ECF?
blood plasma, interstitial fluid (IF) between cells, lymph, and trancellular fluid (cerebrospinal and serous fluid, the humours of the eye, etc.)
99
fluids in chambers lined with epithelium
transcellular fluid
100
"highway" that links the internal and external environment
plasma
101
driving force for water intake
thirst mechanism
102
highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that activates the hypothalamic thirst center
osmoreceptors
103
How can water leave the body?
- vaporize out of the lungs (insensible water loss)
- lost in perspiration
- leaves the body in stool
104
How do the kidneys regulate fluid volume?
- if large amounts of water is lost, kidneys produce less urine
- if water intake is excessive, kidneys produce more urine
105
hormone that prevents excessive water loss in the urine; causes duct cells to reabsorb more water
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
106
huge amounts of very dilute urine (25 ml/day) is flushed from the body
diabetus insipidus
107
What are the effects of diabetus insipidus?
- severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
- always thirsty and needs to drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance
108
happens when potassium ions in the ECF is low; muscle cells are unable to repolarize properly
muscle cramps
109
hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is a major factor in regulating sodium ion content of the ECF and in the process, helps regulate the concentration of other ions
aldosterone
110
electrolytes most responsible for osmotic water flow
sodium ions
111
the most important trigger for aldosterone release
renin-angiotensin mechanism
112
mediates the renin-angiotensin mechanism
juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus of the renal tubules
113
acts on the blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction and on the adrenal cortical cells to promote aldosterone release
angiotensin II
114
alert sympathetic nervous system centers if the brain to cause vasoconstriction via release of epinephrine and norepinephrine; major focus is blood pressure regulation
baroreceptors
115
people with this disease have polyuria; lose tremendous amounts of salt and water to urine
Addison's Disease
116
when one excretes large amounts of urine
polyuria
117
when pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45
alkalosis
118
when pH of arterial blood is below 7.35
acidosis
119
any arterial pH level between 7.0 and 7.35
physiological acidosis
