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Viticulture/Vinification > The Vine > Flashcards

The Vine Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What family is Vitis Vinifera from?

A

Vitaceae family - climbing plants

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2
Q

What are the structures of the Vitaceae family?

A 
Roots
Trunk and arms
Shoots
Nodes
Buds
Leaves
Petioles (leaf stalks)
Flowers
Tendrils
Berries
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3
Q

What is the function of roots?

A

Absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor vine, store carbs for winter

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4
Q

What is the function of trunk and arms?

A

Enable vine to reach up to the sun and transport water and other things between roots leaves fruit. Can store carbs

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5
Q

What are shoots?

A

Structures that grow from buds and support leaves. When they go woody in the winter they become canes

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6
Q

What are nodes?

A

Bumps that segment the shoots. Leaves, flower bunches, and tendrils grow from nodes. Between the nodes are internodes

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7
Q

What are buds?

A

Form at the base of leaf stalks and allow shoot to grow. Prompt buds break in the year they are formed. Buds that break the following spring are latent.

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8
Q

What are petioles and what are they useful for

A

Leaf stalks. Analysis of these can determine vine nutrient requirements

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9
Q

What are flowers?

A

The hermaphroditic reproductive structures of the vine. Grouped in bunches called inflorescences.

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10
Q

How does a flower become a berry?

A

If a flower is successfully fertilized the flower ovary walls swell with water and sugar to form berry pulp.

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11
Q

What is the growth cycle of the vine?

A

Budburst: stimulated by warming temps (April/May or Sept/Oct)
Shoot growth: May-August or October-January
Flowering and fruit set: June/July or Nov/Dec. don’t want too much rain or wind.
Berry growth: July to Sept or dec to feb
Véraison: skins change color from green right before sugar accumulation
Wood ripening: Sep to Nov or Feb to April - carbs stored in canes trunk and roots for next year
Berry ripening and harvest: Sept to Nov or Feb to May (accumulate most sugar and ripen polyphenols)
Dormancy

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12
Q

What is floral initiation?

A

A process that occurs in dormant buds determining the max number of bunches per shoot for following year (June/July). Embryonuc flowers develop in dormant bud.must be sun temp and carbs

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13
Q

How does flowering work

A

Pollen germinates on stigma (female part) and grows in long tube to reach ovary

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14
Q

What is coulure?

A

Loose bunches with few berries. Caused by poor light

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15
Q

What is millerandage?

A

Mix of small and big berries in same bunch. Caused by low temps.

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16
Q

What is the life of a vine?

A

2-3yrs: trunk and permanent wood growing and starting training system. Remove berries to focus on vegetative growth
4 to 6 yrs: trunk and arms are thin so carb reserves are low which limits vigor. Good fruit to leaf balance
7-20: permanent wood thickens. Vine is most vigorous. Quality can drop

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17
Q

What happens to a vine over the years?

A

Winter pruning weakens it. Summer trimming can too. Vigor decreases, balance can be restored, but some rip out vines after 20 years.

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18
Q

What is the name of the original cultivated vines? Where were they from?

A

Vitis vinifera sativa. Transcaucasia.

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19
Q

Why and where did vine hybridization start?

A

In USA to combine the hardiness of American vines with the flavors of vinifera vines. It later occurred in Europe when trying to create rootstocks. Wanted to combine the resistance of some varieties with others for rootstock (v berlandieri with riparia and rupestris)

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20
Q

What did Europeans do to combat downy mildew in 1878?

A

Hybridized vinifera with American vines to resist mildew. Could be planted ungrafted. 30% of France hybrids by 1950s.

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21
Q

Crossing: petit bouschet

A

Aramon x Teinturier

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22
Q

Crossing: Alicante Bouschet

A

Petit Bouschet x Grenache

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23
Q

Crossing: Muller Thurgau

A 
Madeleine Royale x Riesling
Aka Rivaner
Cool to moderate
Easy and early ripening 
High yields
Prone to rot and downy mildew, black rot, rotbrenner
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24
Q

What is selection massale?

A

Traditional method of selecting vines. Mark the best plants from a vineyard and take cuttings in the winter.

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25
What is a clone?
Plants from a single parent propagated using cuttings and genetically identical.
26
When was clonal selection first carried out?
1876: Froelich, Silvaner
27
How does clonal selection work?
Cuttings are taken from just a few vines and monitored and propagated in controlled conditions. Less than 10 clones of a variety might be selected
28
What are the disadvantages of clonal selection?
Disease spread Specialization Less genetic diversity Overproduction
29
What is genetic modification?
Transfer of genes from one organism to another. Not used for commercial wines
30
Why use cuttings?
Can be grafted and easier to predict characteristics of new plants (seeds aren’t identical) 4-5x price
31
What is layering?
A method of propagation (rare now bc phylloxera) where a cane is buried in the ground then separated from parent once roots take hold. Good for berlandieri and rotundifolia. Bolli VVF
32
What to remember when taking a cutting
Stem, root or leaves Taken in early winter for commercial viticulture when carbs are highest Should be well ripened and healthy with green sap filled inside 30-45cm, stored at 5C Can be heat treated for pests Can be planted into a nursery immediately or grafted
33
What conditions do cuttings need?
Lots of water Warmth (15-25) from below Loose well drained soil
34
What is bench grafting?
Happens indoors in late winter/early spring Cuttings stored in damp sawdust then soaked Done by machine Scion dipped in paraffin wax - prevent graft Union from drying Stored in high humidity crates with sand or sawdust 21-29degrees for 3-5wks to form callus Trimmed, redipped in wax, cold stone, then planted in pots or nursery for 7-10days (18-21degrees)
35
What is top grafting?
Used to change varieties in the vineyard. Chip budding or T budding most common, using bud of new varietal on trunk of old one.
36
What is cleft grafting?
Less common to switch varieties Saw trunk of vine vertically and insert canes of new variety. Works well in warm climates but tricky and requires a lot of care.
37
What is Vitis vinifera silvestris?
Wild European vines that are usually not hermaphroditic.
38
V labrusca
Wild in NE USA Strong flavor, dark berries Common parent in American hybrids(Concord) NOT rootstock parent often
39
V riparia
Wild on river banks and alluvial soil in central eastern North America Rootstock elements: low vigor, surface rooting, early ripening, resistant phylloxera, more tolerant of damp conditions Disadvantages: iron deficiency in chalky lime soils Used to control vigor on fertile soils
40
V rupestris
Wild in south central USA Vigorous rootstock with deep roots, susceptible to chlorosis, drought resistant, high vigor Good for poor soils with limited water
41
V berlandieri
Chalky soils in south USA and Mexico Vigorous, deep roots, resistant to chlorosis Hard to root cuttings Often hybridized with rupestris and riparia to resist lime chlorosis
42
Chardonnay pros/cons
``` Quality potential Demand Recognition Ripens in wide range of climates Terroir Hardy High yields ``` Prone to grey rot
43
Pinot Gris pros/cons
Noble rot and drying on vine Quality and demand Can be uninteresting and dilute
44
Pinot Blanc pros/cons
Resistant to a lot Quality at high yields Recognition
45
Riesling pros/cons
Hardy Wide range Quality at high yields Best at <50hl/ha
46
Gewurz pros/cons
Best at <40 hl/ha Hard to achieve flavor ripeness at moderate alcohol Low yields
47
Muscat pros/cons and clones
Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains is best (complex) Muscat Ottonel is used for offdry wines in Alsace and Central Europe - less aromatic Raisins well Prone to fungal disease esp mildew Attracts animals Fade quickly
48
Chenin Blanc pros/cons
Retains acidity Noble rot Aging/quality Ripens unevenly
49
Sauvignon Blanc pros/cons
High yielding | Black rot and powdery mildew
50
Semillon pros/cons
Lacks acidity | Vegetal in new world
51
Viognier pros/cons
Prone to leafroll and uneven ripening Delicate flavors burnt off during ripening Helps with color extraction and fixing in Rhône Syrah
52
Trebbiano/Ugni Blanc sub-varieties
Trebbiano Di Toscana - widely planted and bland Trebbiano Di Soave - now shown to be Verdicchio Trebbiano Romagnolo Trebbiano dAbruzzo
53
Pinot Noir pros/cons
``` Low yields Prone to rot Hard to grow and vinify well Accumulates sugar quickly Prone to clonal variation ```
54
Cabernet Sauvignon pros/cons
Ripens late, difficult to fully ripen | Low yields despite high vigor
55
Merlot pros/cons
``` Easy to grow high yields Early budding (spring frost) Prone to coulure ```
56
Syrah
Develops mercaptan flavors | Disease resistant
57
What is Ruby Cabernet?
``` Carignan x Cab Sauv Used for big blends Hot climate Drought resistant Lacking in structure High yields Powdery mildew ```
58
Pinotage
Pinot Nor x Cinsault Easy to cultivate, ripens, hardy High yields
59
Seyval Blanc
Seibel 5656 x Seibel 4986 Hybrid No go in EU resistant to disease so could work for organic viticulture in cool areas
60
Rondo
``` Precoce de Malingre x Vitis amurensis x St Laurent Hybrid Deep color light body high acidity Classified in Germany as Vitis vinifera Resistance against frost and diseases Early ripening ```
61
Vidal
Ugni Blanc x Seibel 4986 Ice wine in Canada Winter hardiness Thick skin = late harvest
62
What is phylloxera?
Phylloxera vasatrix First identified 1863 Insect Causes vines to die of drought progressively since roots are covered in insects Nodosites (white or yellow growths) near root tip and swellings on older roots Pale green leaf galls on under surface of leaves
63
Who discovered the solution for phylloxera?
Laliman in 1872 American vines form hard corky layers in roots so phylloxera can’t feed Only other remedy: sandy soil or flooding vineyard for 40 days
64
What are nematodes?
Tiny roundworms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye Some feed off roots while others transmit viral diseases
65
What do high soil salinity levels do?
Disrupt water uptake and vine nutrition | Salt Creek rootstock
66
What is a scion
The vine grafted onto the rootstock
67
Is it better to use a low or high vigor rootstock in cooler conditions?
Low because it encourages earlier ripening
68
What are the two principle rootstocks?
Riparia Gloire de Montpelier and Ripestris du Lot
69
Riparia Gloire de Montpelier - parent and characteristics
``` Vitis riparia Low vigor Low lime tolerance Low drought resistance High phylloxera tolerance Moderate plus nematode resistance Likes humid cool fertile soils with moisture. Good for quality wine production ```
70
Rupestris du Lot
``` Vitis rupestris High vigor Low lime tolerance Moderate plus drought resistance High phyll Moderate plus nematode Likes deep, poor, healthy soils in the Mediterranean. Sensitive to coulure ```
71
AXR1
Vinifera x rupestris Offers some lime tolerance but is not tolerant enough to phylloxera. Planted in California in the 70s/80s High vigor Moderate plus drought
72
3309 C (couderc)
Riparia x rupestris Halfway between surface and deep rooting. Average vigor, good resistance to phylloxera and nematodes, poor tolerance to lime. Good drought resistance. Related: 101-14 and schwarzman* really good for nematodes
73
Riparia x berlandieri
Surface or semi surface, good rooting, good lime tolerance. Phylloxera resistance. Examples: 161-49C, 420A, 5C, 5BB, SO4, 125AA
74
Berlandieri x rupestris
Good in dry and stony conditions, deep rooting systems, high vigor 99R, 110R, 140 RU, 1103 P
75
What is vitis Champini good for?
Areas with serious nematode problems. Dog Ridge

Viticulture/Vinification (7 decks)

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