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War Of The Roses (1450-1499) > The War Of The Barons (1459-1461) > Flashcards

The War Of The Barons (1459-1461) Flashcards

1
Q

What happened in 1458 which raised hopes for settling disputes and what happened afterwards

A

Loveday in 1458, raised hopes but peace did not come quickly. The renewal of hostilities began in 1459

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2
Q

What events occurred on 23 September 1459?

A

The Battle of Blore Heath - Salisbury defeats Audley and Dudley.

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3
Q

What happened on 12-13 October 1459?

A

The rout at Ludford; Yorkist leaders desert and flee to Ireland (York) and Calais (the Nevilles).

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4
Q

What happened on te 26th June 1460

A

Landing of the Yorkists earls from Calais at sandwich

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5
Q

What happened on the 10th July 1460

A

Battle of Northampton

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6
Q

What happened in October 1460

A

York lays cliams to the throne in Parliment
York is created Lord Protector and heir to Henry VI

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7
Q

What happened on 30 December 1460?

A

The Battle of Wakefield;

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8
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Wakefield in October 1460?

A

Deaths of York and Salisbury.

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9
Q

What events took place in early 1461?

A

The Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, the Second Battle of St Albans, and Edward IV’s reign commencing on 4 March 1461.

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10
Q

How did the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 conclude?

A

It ended in Lancastrian defeat, marking a significant turning point in the Wars of the Roses

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11
Q

What happened in June 1459 during a Great Council at Coventry?

A

The Yorkist lords, including the Duke of York and Earl of Warwick, were summoned, convicted, and immediately pardoned.

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12
Q

What was the main aim of the Yorkist lords’ rebellion in 1459?

A

They aimed to obtain control of the government and gain support through manifestos claiming to be the king’s true friends.

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13
Q

How did the Earl of Warwick utilize the support from Calais in his rebellion?

A

Warwick could count on support from the royal garrison in Calais, using it as a strategic stronghold for the Yorkist cause.

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14
Q

What made Calais strategically important for the English king?

A

Calais was crucial due to its standing army, controlled by the garrison captain, which became a significant military resource.

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15
Q

Who assumed command of the Calais garrison in 1455, and how did he secure control?

A

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, assumed command in 1455, securing control by settling debts and obtaining confirmation from Henry VI in 1456.

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16
Q

: How did Warwick defy royal authority in his use of the Calais fleet? in 1455

A

He attacked fleets, violated truces, and engaged in secret communications with France and Burgundy.

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17
Q

Why was Warwick popular and crucial to his survival?

A

His piratical raids and exploits kept the Calais garrison paid and loyal, and he remained popular in Kent and the home counties.

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18
Q

What were Warwick’s actions in 1458 that showcased his growing boldness

A

He attacked fleets, engaged in secret communications, and defied royal authority with illegal exploits.

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19
Q

Who confronted the Earl of Salisbury in Staffordshire during his movement, and where did the confrontation occur?

A

: Lords Audley and Dudley confronted Salisbury at Blore Heath in Staffordshire, near Market Dayton.

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20
Q

What happened on September 23, 1459, involving the forces of York, Salisbury, Audley, and Dudley?

A

Salisbury and his troops attacked Audley and Dudley, resulting in Audley’s death and Dudley’s capture.

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21
Q

After the Battle of Blore Heath, what was the Yorkist claim regarding their loyalty?

A

Despite victory, the Yorkists were discredited in claiming loyalty as Salisbury escaped capture, but his two younger sons were imprisoned

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22
Q

Where did the York, Salisbury, and Warwick forces meet after the Battle of Blore Heath?

A

They met as planned at Ludlow, advanced to Worcester, and sealed an agreement by indenture binding them to assist each other, with demands presented to Henry VI.

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23
Q

What did York and Salisbury offer to the king in their demands, and what was the king’s response?

A

They offered their services, advice, and support, but Henry VI, having recruited a large army, forced the Yorkists to retreat.

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24
Q

According to the English chronicle, what were the circumstances and outcome of the Battle of Blore Heath?

A

Salisbury, fearing his enemies, faced a battle at Blore Heath where Lord Audley was slain, and many Cheshire knights were killed or taken prisoner, including Salisbury’s sons.

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25
Q

Why did York’s forces confront the royal forces at Ludford Bridge on October 12, 1459?

A

The royal army’s size posed a threat, leading to Warwick’s followers deserting, and the Yorkist lords giving up, resulting in York fleeing to Ireland and others to Calais.

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26
Q

What happened after the Yorkist lords fled to Ireland and Calais?

A

They were welcomed and supported in both places, making their expulsion difficult without the use of force.

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27
Q

What did the Duke of York offer to the ruling elite of Ireland in 1460?

A

The Duke of York offered independence to the ruling elite of Ireland, gaining popularity there

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28
Q

After the Yorkist defeat, what punishment did Henry VI impose on the rank and file?

A

: Henry VI, being lenient, spared the rank and file, fining only a few and attainting even fewer.

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29
Q

What happened in the “Parliament of Devils” at Coventry in 1460?

A

The Yorkist lords were condemned as traitors, attainted, and their lives, lands, and goods were forfeited to the crown.

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30
Q

Who was Sir Andrew Trollope, and what role did he play in the Wars of the Roses?

A

Sir Andrew Trollope, originally linked to the Beaufort family, defected to the royal camp in 1459, revealing York’s plans. He later supported Somerset and played key roles in battles like Wakefield and the Second Battle of St Albans. He eventually became a Lancastrian casualty at the Battle of Towton.

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31
Q

Who did Henry VI appoint as the captain of the Calais garrison in October 1460?

A

Duke of Somerset, as the captain of the Calais garrison.

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32
Q

Siege of Calais in 1460.

A

The Duke of Somerset, supported by Sir Andrew Trollope, laid siege to Calais, defended by William, Lord Fauconberg. Somerset was defeated at the Battle of Newnham Bridge in April 1460, and he had to retreat to Guisnes.

33
Q

Why was Warwick Control of Calais in 1460 crucial during this period

A

Warwick’s control prevented Henry VI from defending the English coast, and he had to raise a replacement navy by impressing men and ships. Warwick’s forces proved effective against the unpaid and mutinous navy raised by Henry VI.

34
Q

When was the Parliment of Devils established

A

November 1459

35
Q

Why was the “Parliament of Devils” given its name

A

It was summoned amid political turmoil and civil war. The Yorkists alleged that many MPs were named without a free election, and the main purpose was to condemn York and his allies as traitors.

36
Q

What crucial action did Lord Fauconberg, Warwick’s brother, take in June 1460?

A

led a raid on Sandwich, destroying a Lancastrian fleet and securing the port for the Yorkist invasion.

37
Q

What does the term “impressing” mean in the context of raising forces?

A

individuals were forced to serve in an army or navy, and also the commanding of the use of goods and equipment for public service.

38
Q

Mutinous

A

a tendency towards rebellion against those in charge, often seen in soldiers or sailors who refuse to follow orders.

39
Q

What was Earl of Warwick’s role in Calais in June 1460?

A

Earl of Warwick led a popular campaign of piracy to maintain control of the Calais garrison.

40
Q

Why did Warwick engage in piracy, and what impact did it have on the overall situation?

A

to support his control of Calais. The piracy campaign contributed to undermining the king’s authority.

41
Q

What was the focus of the propaganda campaign launched in England in June 1460?

A

blamed the king’s ‘evil counsellors’ for oppressing the Church, overtaxing the population, and allowing the crown to fall into poverty.

42
Q

How did this propaganda campaign resemble earlier protests, such as Jack Cade’s manifesto of 1450?

A

government echoed those used in the past ten years, revealing the constitutional poverty of the Yorkist position.

43
Q

what continued to be spread about and supported by popular ballads in 1460?

A

Manifestos continued to be spread about and supported by popular ballads, indicating the persistence of efforts to garner public support for the Yorkist cause.

44
Q

constitutional poverty

A

lack of substantial or convincing constitutional arguments or justifications for the Yorkist cause, highlighting weaknesses in their position.

45
Q

What event occurred on June 26, 1460?

A

The Yorkist force, led by the Duke of York, Earl of Salisbury, and Earl of Warwick, landed at Sandwich in Kent.

46
Q

Why did the Yorkist force face limited opposition as they marched through Kent and into London?

A

The population of Kent was still recovering from repression after Cade’s rebellion, and London was discontented due to economic depression and perceived favoritism towards foreign merchants.

47
Q

What was the outcome when the Yorkist force arrived in London on July 2, 1460?

A

Four Lancastrian peers were forced to retreat to the Tower of London, and Henry VI had already left the city, worsening the Lancastrian relationship with London.

48
Q

What did the Yorkists demand upon arriving at Northampton, and how did Lancastrian forces respond?

A

A royalist group, distrusting their intentions, assembled a fighting force, with leading Lancastrians joining the king’s forces.

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49
Q

Who won the battle of Northampton

A

Yorkists victory

50
Q

How long did the battle of Northampton last

A

30 minutes

51
Q

Who got captured in the Battle of Northampton?

A

Henry VI, the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of Shrewsbury, and Lord Egremont.

52
Q

political changes occurred after the Battle of Northampton?

A

, George Neville became chancellor, Viscount Bourchier became treasurer, and John Neville became Chamberlain. The Yorkist government faced challenges in regions still loyal to the Lancastrians.

53
Q

What challenges did the Yorkist government face after Northampton?

A

Northern and south-western counties, as well as Wales and the Marches, did not accept the new government

54
Q

How did the Duke of York assert his claim to the English throne upon his return in September 1460?

A

Duke of York displayed the royal banner, carried a sword borne upright, and acted in a manner symbolizing kingship. He laid his hand on the throne in Westminster Hall, signaling his intention to claim the throne.

55
Q

What significant change in the Duke of York’s ambitions occurred in 1460?

A

The Duke of York, no longer content with controlling the government on Henry VI’s behalf, openly claimed the English crown, citing his inheritance through Lionel, Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III.

56
Q

What were the main points of the Accord reached on 25 October 1460 regarding the English throne?

A

Henry VI would remain on the throne, York would govern as Protector of England, and York would be named Henry VI’s heir in place of the young Prince Edward.

57
Q

Did the Accord of 1460 bring political stablitity

A

No, law and order continued to break down across the country due to political uncertai

58
Q

who opposed York’s Protectorate and heir apparent status?

A

Queen Margaret and her son Edward, along with their supporters, gathered troops in the West Country, Wales, and the north of England

59
Q

Who Did York have to suppress during his protectorate continuously

A

Queen Margaret’s forces + Parliament of Devils

60
Q

In early December 1460, where did the Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury go to face Queen Margaret’s forces?

A

he Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury left London and went to the North to confront Queen Margaret’s forces.

61
Q

What challenges did the Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury face as they moved to the North, and what indication did they have of Lancastrian strength?

A

Duke of York secured only half of the desired loan from Londoners due to inadequate security
scouts were attacked and killed by the Duke of Somerset’s men, revealing strong Lancastrian resistance and determination.

62
Q

here did the Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury arrive just before Christmas in 1460

A

: They arrived at Sandal Castle in Yorkshire, discovering few provisions and a surprisingly large Lancastrian force

63
Q

what happened at Wakefield on 30 December 1460?

A

attempt to suppress the queen’s party at Wakefield resulted in a disastrous defeat, leading to York’s death and the beheading of the Earl of Salisbury by Lancastrian captors.

64
Q

After the Battle of Wakefield, what happened to the Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury?

A

The heads of the Duke of York and the Earl of Salisbury were displayed on the gates of the city of York. In a mocking gesture, a paper crown was placed on York’s head.

65
Q

What event strengthened Queen Margaret’s position and led her to march to London to reclaim Henry VI?

A

The victory at the Battle of Wakefield.

66
Q

Who led the Yorkist forces at the Battle of Second St Albans on 17 February 1461?

A

The Earl of Warwick and other leading Yorkist peers, including the Duke of Norfolk and the Earls of Arundel and Suffolk.

67
Q

Why did Warwick’s plan to bombard the Lancastrian force fail during the battle

A

The Lancastrian force moved too quickly

68
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Second St Albans on 17 February 1461?

A

defeat for the Yorkists, with several captured and executed. Warwick and Norfolk managed to escape.

69
Q

With the death of the Duke of York, what significant change occurred in the Yorkists’ claim to power?

A

The Yorkists could no longer claim to be ruling on the king’s behalf.

70
Q

What criticism is commonly leveled against the Duke of York regarding his opposition to Henry VI’s government?

A

that he was a ditherer who left fulfilling his desire for power until it was too late and demonstrated it in a crude fashion

71
Q

What Happened on the 4th March of 1461?

A

Accession of Edward IV
- The yorkists arguement was that Henry had forfeited the crown due to breaking the act of accord

72
Q

When was the battle of townton?

A
  • 29th March 1461
73
Q

Battle of townton - weather conditions

A
  • Ice, cold, bitter windy and snowstorms
74
Q

Battle of Townton - On estimate how many people died

A

28,000

75
Q

Who won the battle of townton?

A

Yorkists

76
Q

What does the Yorkists win on the battle of Townton lead too?

A

Edward IV as king

77
Q

How old is Edward IV when he crowned king on the 28th June 1461

A

19, crowned at westminster abbey

78
Q
A

War Of The Roses (1450-1499) (4 decks)

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