The War of the Barons (1459-1461)

Question 1

When was the Battle of Blore Heath?

Answer 1

September 1459

Question 2

What was the background of the Battle of Blore Heath?

Answer 2

The Great Council met at Coventry and excluded the Yorkists - they discussed attainting the Yorkists for treason and following this tried to keep the Yorkists separate.

Question 3

What were the details of the Battle of Blore Heath?

Answer 3

The Yorkists were led by Salisbury and were successful - killing Lord Audley a Lancastrian Commander.

Question 4

What happened in October 1459?

Answer 4

The Battle at Ludford Bridge

Question 5

What were the details of the Battle at Ludford Bridge?

Answer 5

The Yorkist army fled once they faced the King’s army at Ludford Bridge. York and Rutland fled to Ireland; Edward, Earl of March, Warwick, and Salisbury fled to Calais.

Question 6

When was the Parliament of Devils?

Answer 6

November 1459.

Question 7

In January 1460, Somerset was appointed as… but the position was held by….

Answer 7

Captain of Calais
Warwick

Question 8

The Yorkists first raided Sandwich in…
What were they doing?

Answer 8

January 1460. They raided Sandwich in order to recapture ships impounded from Warwick the year before.

Question 9

When and where did Warwick defeat Somerset?

Answer 9

At a skirmish at Newham Bridge in January 1460

Question 10

When does Warwick go to see York in Ireland? What about?

Answer 10

March 1460. It is uncertain but likely the Yorkist raids that followed.

Question 11

In June 1460, ….. led the Yorkist raids of ….?

Answer 11

Fauconberg
Sandwich

Question 12

When did the Yorkists first occupy Sandwich?

Answer 12

June 1460

Question 13

When did Salisbury, Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March march to London? Give 3 details.

Answer 13

26th June 1460.
1) They marched through Kent
2) They spread propaganda claiming loyalty to the King, representing justice and the commonweal
3) They claimed Lancastrians such as the Earl of Shrewsbury were ‘traitors’

Question 14

When was the Battle of Northampton?

Answer 14

10th July 1460

Question 15

What was the background of the Battle of Northampton?

Answer 15

The Yorkists march to London.

Question 16

Battle of Northampton (4)

Answer 16

1) 7 Bishops including the Archbishop of Canterbury joined the Yorkist army.
2) The Lord Grey of Ruthin betrayed the Lancastrian side and defected to the Yorkists - enabling their victory.
3) HVI captured
4) Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward fled north (were in Coventry during battle)

Question 17

Following the success in the Battle of Northampton - Yorkists took position in government - give 3 examples:

Answer 17

George Neville = Chancellor
Viscount Bourchier = Treasurer
John Neville = Chamberlain

Question 18

When did York return from Ireland (after Ludford Bridge)?

Answer 18

September 1460

Question 19

In October 1460 - York approaches London - what three ways is it clear his ambition has changed?

Answer 19

1) He uses the mannerisms of a King - with his sword borne upright before him

2) He drops the King’s regnal year from documents

3) Retains individuals without ensuring their allegiance to the King.

Question 20

When does York claim to be the rightful King?

Answer 20

10th October 1460

Question 21

Which nobles failed to support York’s claim for kingship in Parliament - despite their support of him otherwise?

Answer 21

Salisbury and Warwick

Question 22

What was formed on the 25th October 1460?

Answer 22

The Act of Accord

Question 23

What did the Act of Accord outline?

Answer 23

Henry VI would be King - following his death York or any of his successors would inherit the throne.

Question 24

Who did the Act of Accord disinherit?

Answer 24

Edward, Prince of Wales

Question 25

Who does Margaret of Anjou negotiate with for support against the Yorkists in October 1460?

Answer 25

James II (Scottish King)

Question 26

What does Margaret of Anjou promise James II in October 1460?

Answer 26

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Question 27

In Decembr 1460 - where do York and Salisbury lead their troops?

Answer 27

North to York's castle at Sandal.

Question 28

When was the Battle of Wakefield?

Answer 28

30th December 1460

Question 29

Background to the Battle of Wakefield

Answer 29

The Act of Accord

Question 30

Details of the Battle of Wakefield (4)

Answer 30

1) York and Salisbury face a great Lancastrian Army - orchestrated by Margaret of Anjou 2) Yorkist loss - York, Rutland, and Thomas Neville killed. 3) Salisbury was executed the next day. 4) Paper Crown was placed on York's head.

Question 31

When was the Battle at Mortimer's Cross?

Answer 31

Early February 1461

Question 32

What were the details of the Battle of Mortimer's Cross? (3)

Answer 32

1) Yorkists led by Edward, Earl of March 2) Edward confronts the Earl of Pembroke and the Earl of Wiltshire and their troops at Mortimer's Cross 3) Yorkist success -the nobles escaped but Owen Tudor (HVI's stepfather) was captured.

Question 33

When was the 2nd Battle of St Albans?

Answer 33

17th February 1461

Question 34

Details of the 2nd Battle of St Albans (3)

Answer 34

1) Warwick, supported by the Lord Fauconberg advances to London 2) Warwick takes HVI to battle to show they are fighting in the name of the King. 3) Lancastrian success they recaptured HVI.

Question 35

When does London reject the Lancastrians attempted entry?

Answer 35

Late February 1461

Question 36

When is Edward IV's accession as King?

Answer 36

4th March 1461

Question 37

When was the Battle of Towton?

Answer 37

March 1461

Question 38

How many men involved in the Battle of Towton?

Answer 38

Around 65,000 men

Question 39

How many men died in the Battle of Towton?

Answer 39

28,000

Question 40

Where do Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou, and Prince Edward flee after the Battle of Towton?

Answer 40

Scotland.

Question 41

What was the ultimate outcome of the Battle of Towton?

Answer 41

Edward IV crowned in June 1461