The water cycle

Question 1

open system

Answer 1

Matter and energy can be transferred from the system across the boundary into the surrounding enviroment

Question 2

Closed system

Answer 2

A transfer of energy both into and beyond the system boundary but not transfer of matter

Question 3

is the water cycle open or closed system?

Answer 3

closed

Question 4

what effect does positive feedback have on change?

Answer 4

increases the effect of change

Question 5

what effect does negative feedback have on change?

Answer 5

decreases the effcet of chnage

Question 6

What is the lithosphere?

Answer 6

The solid outer crust and upper mantle- land based water

Question 7

Make up of the lithosphere:

Answer 7

surface water- river
ground water- deep water before impermeable rock
soil water
biological water- plant or animal matter

Question 8

what is the hydrosphere?

Answer 8

Discontinuous layer of water near the earths surface

Question 9

make up of the hydrosphere:

Answer 9

liquid and frozen surface water, groundwater and atmospheric water vapour.
Rivers-Lakes-Oceans

Question 10

what is the atmosphere?

Answer 10

layers of gases surrounding the planet

Question 11

make up of the atmosphere:
In terms of water

Answer 11

water storage in the clouds,clean air, microscopic particles or water vapour

Question 12

process of relief rainfall

Answer 12

1- warm air rises over MOUNTAINS
2-air cools and condenses=clouds
3- air descends and warms
4-drier conditions known as rain shadow

Question 13

process of converctional rainfall

Answer 13

1- sun heats the LAND and air above
2-warm air cools and condenses=clouds
3-rain

Question 14

Frontal rainfall process

Answer 14

AIR MASSES
1- warm air forced to rise over cold air
2- condensation forms clouds
3-clouds bring heavy rain

Question 15

what is the pressure like when air rises?

Answer 15

low

Question 16

what conditions does rain need? ( pressure and air)

Answer 16

low pressure and air rising

Question 17

what is the band of low pressure at the equator

Answer 17

ITCZ inter-tropical convergence zone

Question 18

What is a drainage basin

Answer 18

The area of land which is drained by its river and its tributaries . The area of land is known as the catchment area

Question 19

is a drainage basin an open or closed system?

Answer 19

open- water can be lost through evapotranspiration or runoff.

Question 20

Equation for water balance

Answer 20

precipitation (p)= discharge (q) + evapotranspiration(e) +- changes in storage

Question 21

what is water balance?

Answer 21

the balance between inputs and outputs in a drainage basin

Question 22

what does a soil moisture graph show?

Answer 22

the relationship between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration over a year

Question 23

soil recharge

Answer 23

precipitation> potential evapotranspiration

Question 24

soil deficit

Answer 24

lack of water, plants will wilt or have adaptations

Question 25

soil surplus

Answer 25

space in soil has been filled. too much water overland flow increases groundwater recharge - risk of flooding

Question 26

soil utilisation

Answer 26

water used by plants

Question 27

what does a storm hydrograph show

Answer 27

- river dischage over a period of time - amount of precipiation over time

Question 28

what is the purpose of a flood hydrograph

Answer 28

-see how drainage baisins respond to periods of rainfall - predict flooding and put in place flood prevention methods -compare how land use impacts drainage levels

Question 29

factors affecting a storm hydrograph

Answer 29

- deforestation as they decrease interception speeding up surface run off -impermeable pavements and housing developments -flash flooding - steep land decrease rising limb

Question 30

physical factors of a drainage baisin contributing to flash hydrograph

Answer 30

circular shape steep sides high drainage density already saturated ground geology

Question 31

human factors affecting the shape of a flood hydrograph

Answer 31

flash hydrograph: deforestation- redcues intrception agriculture- can make ground impermeable urbanistaion Less steep hydrograph: -afforestation -soft enginering and flood managemnt schemes

Question 32

give three ways in which land use affects the water cycle

Answer 32

water abstraction soil drainage deforestation

Question 33

how much rainfall on average does the amazon recieve a year

Answer 33

1500-3000mm

Question 34

what type of rainfall do they mainly get in the amazon?

Answer 34

convectional

Question 35

wtaer cycle in Amamzon

Answer 35

no water defecit, high amounts of potential evapotranspirtaion,water suprlus and soil utilisation

Question 36

impacts of deforestation on the water cycle

Answer 36

-less inetrception more sr -evapotranspirtaion reduced meaning a reduction in cloud cover -atmosphere becomes les humid meaning that transpiration will decrease

Question 37

affect of pasture land on the water cycle

Answer 37

- moisture content in soil is 15% less -temp in pasture land is 8 degreees hotter -deeper roots in TR can pump more soil moisture to the surface

Question 38

river exe key facts (4)

Answer 38

-flows for 60 miles -length = 96km -maximum elevation of 514m -lowest elevation= 26m

Question 39

how much of the river exe catchment is impermeable rock

Answer 39

84.4%

Question 40

what is the land use around tghe river exe

Answer 40

- agricultural (67%) -woodland(15%) -moors and peat bogs (3%)

Question 41

how much does runoff account for within the water balance within the river exe

Answer 41

65%

Question 42

what recent developments have imoacted the water cycle (2)

Answer 42

wimblewall resoivoir peatland restoration exmoor

Question 43

What is the water balance

Answer 43

A water balance refers to the accounting of water inputs, outputs, and changes in storage within a specific area or system

Question 44

What are the compnents of a drainage basin

Answer 44

source tributary watershed(boundary) Meander (Bend) Confluence (Two rivers meet) Mouth (End of the river)

Question 45

What does the Lag time on a flood hydrogrpah show

Answer 45

the duration between the peak rainfall and the peak river discharge.

Question 46

What are the components of a flood hydrograph

Answer 46

Peak rainfall Peak discharge Falling limb Base flow Lag time