The Western Experience - Final Flashcards

Question

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 1

German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. He improves or invents three items: the printing press, movable metal type, and an oil-based ink. His first work is the 42-line Bible in Latin. The Gutenberg press brought down the price of printed materials and made these materials available for the masses.

Answer 2

Romanesque Architecture

Answer 3

Gothic Architecture

Answer 4

Magna Carta

Answer 5

Punic Wars

Answer 6

The belief that God decided (preordained) whether a person would be saved or damned, and nothing can be done to reverse this fate.

Answer 7

A Spanish minor nobleman who led his country's expedition of conquest into Central and South America in the sixteenth century.

Answer 8

An economic, political, and social organization of medieval Europe. Land was held by vassals from more powerful overlords in exchange for military and other services.

Answer 9

Egyptian writing material from papyrus plant from which comes our modern word paper. Papyrus grew abundantly in the Nile River valley.

Answer 10

Greek from Asia Minor, who has been called the Father of history. He wrote The Histories, documenting the Persian Wars 440 b.c. First to use the historical method of asking why do events happen - hypothesis, validity, and conclusion.

Answer 11

Method of crop rotation developed by Northern Europeans in which estates were divided in three large fields of 700 acres each. Two of three were cultivated each year. Winter wheat, spring crop. Dormant pasture for animal grazing.

Answer 12

An actual mountain in northern Greece which was believed to be the home of the Greek gods. Led by the sky god, Zeus, the Greeks believed their gods were anthropomorphic, different in the physical perfection and immortality.

Answer 13

The Islam religion was founded by Mohammed in the seventh century and broke them into to two factions, Sunnis "well-trodden path" or "tradition" and Shiites, "party" or "partisans" of Ali. The Sunni-Shiite split is rooted in the question of who should succeed Muhammad in leading Muslims after his death in 632. Shiites say the prophet's cousin and son-in-law Ali was his rightful successor but was cheated when authority went to those the Sunnis call the four "Rightfully Guided Caliphs" — Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman and, finally, Ali.

Answer 14

Although investiture meant the ecclesiastical ceremony, lay investiture was the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops and abbots. Although the principal conflict began in 1075 between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a brief but significant struggle over investiture also occurred between Henry I of England and the papacy of Paschal II in the years 1103 to 1107, and the issue played a minor role in the struggles between church and state in France as well. The entire controversy was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms in 1122.

Answer 15

``` Habeas corpus (ad subjiciendum) is Latin for "you may have the body" (subject to examination). It is a writ which requires a person detained by the authorities be brought before a court of law so that the legality of the detention may be examined. The name is taken from the opening words of the writ in medieval times. The Habeas Corpus Act passed by Parliament in 1679 guaranteed this right in law, although its origins go back much further, probably to Anglo-Saxon times. began as a weapon for the king and the courts became - as the political climate changed - protection for the individual against arbitrary detention by the state. Stated in Article 39 of the Magna Carta. ```

Answer 16

form of ecclesiastical censure by which a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership, but not necessarily from membership in the church. Simply put, the word excommunication means putting [someone] out of communion. famous examples of men who were excommunicated are the Roman Emperor Theodosius, King Henry II of England, Emperor Henry IV of Germany, and King John of England.

Answer 17

The belief that matter could be understood and transformed by mixing substances and using secret formulas. Believed to have originated in Egypt, can mean medical, spiritual, or practical alchemy - whether turning a sick body into a healthy one, or a corrupt soul to the divine, and turning lead to gold. Roger Bacon, a 13th century Franciscan Friar, who is considered one of the earliest proponents of the scientific method, is considered the first real European alchemist.

Answer 18

largest amphitheatre in the Roman world, capable of holding up to 70,000 spectators. Started by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavia family, it was opened by his son Titus in 80 A.D. It is elliptic in shape in order to hold more spectators. It had four floors; the first three had eighty arches each; the Colosseum was a freestanding structure made of stone and concrete. The distinctive exterior had three stories of arched entrances--a total of around 80--supported by semi-circular columns. Each story contained columns of a different order (or style): At the bottom were columns of the relatively simple Doric order, followed by Ionic and topped by the ornate Corinthian order.

Answer 19

medieval English poet King Richard II appoints Geoffrey Chaucer to the position of chief clerk of the king's works in Westminster on this day in 1389. He wrote Canterbury Tales, in which a mixed group of nobles, peasants, and clergy make a pilgrimage to the shrine of Thomas a Becket in Canterbury.

The Western Experience - Final Flashcards

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