The 'Windrush' Generation - Carribean Migration Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What significant event in Caribbean migration to Britain is often regarded as the starting point?
A
The arrival of the Empire Windrush on 22 June 1948
The Empire Windrush carried 1,027 passengers, including hundreds from the Caribbean.
2
Q
What was the primary reason for the migration of people from the Caribbean to Britain before the Second World War?
A
Historical links to the slave trade and labor opportunities
Migration from the Caribbean has a long history dating back hundreds of years, primarily linked to people of African descent.
3
Q
What was Britain’s involvement in the slave trade during the mid-1600s?
A
Britain heavily participated in capturing, selling, and transporting enslaved Africans
This involved the forced transport of West Africans to the Americas and Caribbean islands.
4
Q
How many Africans were estimated to have been transported by Britain between 1562 and 1807?
A
3.1 million Africans
Of these, only 2.7 million survived the journey due to harsh conditions.
5
Q
What were enslaved Africans forced to work on in the Caribbean?
A
Large plantations
These plantations produced goods like sugar, cotton, and tobacco.
6
Q
What law did the British Parliament pass in 1807 regarding enslaved Africans?
A
It became illegal to transport enslaved Africans to the British Empire for sale
However, enslaved people already in the colonies were not freed.
7
Q
What did the British Parliament do in 1833 concerning slavery?
A
Banned slave ownership
This was a significant step towards the abolition of slavery in the British Empire.
8
Q
What challenges did African-Caribbean people face in Britain after the abolition of the slave trade?
A
Discrimination, difficulty finding work, and poor living conditions
Many lived in overcrowded housing and some experienced homelessness.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The trade in enslaved Africans contributed significantly to Britain’s _______.
A
Wealth
Profits from slavery helped fund Britain’s industrial revolution.
10
Q
What were the primary roles of African-Caribbean people living in Britain during the 19th century?
A
Servants or laborers
They often lived in overcrowded housing in industrial towns and cities.
11
Q
Name three Caribbean islands mentioned in the context of the slave trade.
A
Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago
These islands were significant locations for the enslavement and forced labor of Africans.
12
Q
Who was Mary Prince?
A
Mary Prince was born in Bermuda around 1787 into an enslaved family of African descent.
13
Q
What significant event happened to Mary Prince in 1828?
A
Mary Prince arrived in London with the family who had enslaved her and managed to escape.
14
Q
What is the title of Mary Prince’s published account?
A
The History of Mary Prince, related by herself, published in 1831.
15
Q
What does Mary Prince claim about the feelings of slaves?
A
All slaves want to be free; those who say otherwise are either ignorant or lying.
16
Q
Who was Mary Seacole?
A
Mary Seacole was born in 1805 in Jamaica and was a nurse and healer of African descent.
17
Q
What did Mary Seacole do during the Crimean War?
A
She traveled to Crimea to help British soldiers using her own money.
18
Q
What happened to Mary Seacole after the war?
A
She returned to England ill and bankrupt, but people raised money for her.
19
Q
What notable achievement did Mary Seacole accomplish with her book?
A
Her book became a best seller.
20
Q
Who was Walter Tull?
A
Walter Tull was born in 1888 and became one of Britain’s first Black professional footballers.
21
Q
What was Walter Tull’s military achievement during WWI?
A
He was the first Black officer in the British Army to command white soldiers.
22
Q
What happened to Walter Tull in March 1918?
A
He was killed in action at the age of 29.
23
Q
Who was William Cuffay?
A
William Cuffay was born in 1788 and was the son of a former enslaved man from St Kitts.
24
Q
What campaign did William Cuffay lead?
A
He campaigned to improve voting rights in Britain.
25
What punishment did William Cuffay face in 1848?
He was transported to Australia for allegedly planning an uprising against the British government.
26
Fill in the blank: Mary Prince's story was the first published account of enslavement from a _______ woman's perspective.
Black
27
List two jobs that African-Caribbean migrants did after slavery was abolished.
* Tailoring
* Nursing
28
What is the term used to describe the group of Caribbean migrants who arrived in Britain in 1948?
Windrush generation
## Footnote
The term 'Windrush generation' refers specifically to the Caribbean migrants who arrived on the Empire Windrush ship.
29
On what date did the Empire Windrush arrive at Tilbury Docks?
22 June 1948
## Footnote
This date marks a significant event in British history, as it marked the arrival of the first large group of Caribbean migrants.
30
How many passengers were on board the Empire Windrush?
1,027 passengers
## Footnote
This included several hundred individuals from the Caribbean.
31
Why did many Caribbean individuals decide to migrate to Britain after World War II?
To seek new opportunities
## Footnote
Many were motivated by the hardships in the Caribbean and the belief that Britain was a supportive 'mother country'.
32
What was a common experience for many people in the Caribbean after World War II?
Poverty and hardship
## Footnote
The difficult economic conditions prompted many to consider migration.
33
What did many Caribbean individuals learn in school about Britain?
That Britain was the 'mother country'
## Footnote
This perception contributed to their decision to migrate, as they believed they would be supported and welcomed.
34
True or False: Most Caribbean individuals who served in World War II stayed in Britain after the war.
False
## Footnote
While some stayed, most returned to their home countries after the war.
35
What impact did the Windrush generation have on British society?
They helped change life in Britain
## Footnote
Their migration and contributions significantly influenced British culture and society.
36
Fill in the blank: The Windrush generation refers to Caribbean migrants who arrived in Britain on the _______.
Empire Windrush
## Footnote
This ship's arrival is a pivotal moment in the history of Caribbean migration to Britain.
37
Outline two reasons why young Caribbean people migrated to Britain after World War II.
* Desire for new opportunities
* Belief in support from the 'mother country'
## Footnote
These motivations were shaped by their experiences and education.
38
What caused Britain to be very short of workers after the war?
Many British people had migrated to countries such as Canada and Australia
## Footnote
This migration was in search of a better life.
39
What significant event in July 1948 impacted immigration to Britain?
The British Nationality Act was passed
## Footnote
It clarified the right of people in the Commonwealth to live and work in Britain.
40
What were some of the needs for workers in Britain post-war?
* Rebuilding large areas of cities destroyed by bombing
* National Health Service (NHS) requirements
* Improvement of the transport system
41
What is the term used to describe the British Empire today?
The Commonwealth
42
How did the NHS and other organizations encourage migration from the Caribbean?
They promoted job opportunities in sectors such as healthcare and transport.
43
What types of jobs did the passengers on the Empire Windrush claim they could do?
* Apprentice accountant
* Farm worker
* Tailor
* Boxer
* Mechanic
* Singer
* Law student
44
Why did most of the married men leave Jamaica according to the article?
Lack of work
45
What was the public reaction in Britain to the arrival of the Empire Windrush?
It caused alarm and concern about the 'colour problem'
## Footnote
Some MPs even demanded the ship be turned around.
46
What does the term 'coloured' refer to in the context of the article?
It was used to describe African, Caribbean, and Asian people until the late twentieth century.
47
What was one concern expressed by passengers regarding their arrival in Britain?
Whether there was opposition to them because they were 'coloured'.
48
Fill in the blank: The term '________' is not commonly used anymore because it is considered offensive.
[coloured]
49
What is one reason the writer of the article states for Britain welcoming displaced persons?
Britain has a history of welcoming those who cannot go home.
50
What was the primary reason for the migration of the Windrush generation to Britain?
In search of work
51
By 1961, how many Caribbean-born people were living in Britain?
161,000
52
In which industrial cities did many Caribbean migrants settle?
* Liverpool
* Manchester
* Birmingham
* Nottingham
* London
53
What types of jobs did many Caribbean migrants end up working in despite their qualifications?
* Cleaners
* Ticket collectors
* Hospital porters
54
What challenges did the Windrush generation face in Britain?
* Difficulty finding decent housing
* Prejudice and racism
55
What was the nature of hostility experienced by migrants in Britain?
More often directed towards Black migrants
56
Fill in the blank: Many Caribbean migrants had skills such as _______.
[electricians, mechanics, engineers]
57
What did Sam King achieve in London after returning on the Empire Windrush?
He became the first Black mayor of Southwark
58
In what year was the British West Indies Regiment formed?
1915
59
What role did many African-Caribbean people serve during the First World War?
In the British Army and the Merchant Navy
60
Where did many of the Caribbean men who served in the war settle after returning?
* Liverpool
* London
* Newport
61
What was the Merchant Navy?
The collective name for the ships that transported food and raw materials
62
How did the older patients react to Black nurses when they first arrived in Britain?
They were often very nasty
63
Fill in the blank: The sign 'NO IRISH, NO ______, NO DOGS' reflects the prejudices faced by migrants.
[BLACK]
64
What was the Empire Windrush?
A German passenger ship launched in 1930, later used as a troopship and for deporting Jewish people during WWII, renamed after being taken by the British.
65
Who were the 'Windrush generation'?
Migrants from the Caribbean who arrived in Britain on the Empire Windrush and other ships after WWII.
66
Fill in the blank: The Empire Windrush carried _______ passengers from the Caribbean.
[1,027]
67
Which countries did the passengers of the Empire Windrush come from?
Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad, Bermuda, and included Polish refugees.
68
What significant event occurred in 1964 related to the Windrush generation?
Daphne Steele became the first Black matron in a British hospital.
69
True or False: The Empire Windrush was the first ship to carry migrants from the Caribbean to Britain.
False
70
What other ships carried Caribbean migrants before the Empire Windrush?
* Ormonde (spring 1947)
* Almanzora (December 1947)
71
What was the annual number of Caribbean migrants moving to Britain between 1948 and 1952?
1,000-2,000 people per year
## Footnote
This period marks the beginning of significant Caribbean migration to the UK.
72
How many Caribbean migrants arrived in Britain in 1957?
Just over 40,000 migrants
## Footnote
This indicates a rapid increase in migration during the late 1950s.
73
How many Caribbean-born people lived in England and Wales by 1961?
Just over 161,000 people
## Footnote
This number included 90,000 men and just over 71,000 women.
74
What was the reaction of the existing populations in cities with large Caribbean migrant communities?
Felt migrants were taking jobs and competing for housing
## Footnote
This led to growing tension and calls for an end to migration.
75
What unofficial system was introduced that discriminated against Black and Asian people?
An unofficial 'colour bar'
## Footnote
This system limited opportunities for non-white individuals in employment and housing.
76
In which two locations did violent attacks against the Caribbean community occur in August 1958?
Nottingham and Notting Hill, London
## Footnote
These events marked a significant escalation in racial tensions.
77
What movements developed in response to racial discrimination faced by Caribbean migrants?
British Civil Rights movements
## Footnote
These included groups like the Universal Coloured People's Association and the Black Liberation Front.
78
What discriminatory practice was established by bus workers in Bristol in 1955?
A rule banning Black and Asian men and women from working as bus drivers or conductors
## Footnote
This systemic discrimination continued into the early 1960s.
79
Which local newspaper published articles on racist employment practices at the Bristol bus company in 1961?
Bristol Evening Post
## Footnote
This coverage helped to raise awareness and mobilize action against discrimination.
80
Fill in the blank: The __________ was a campaign group that emerged in Bristol to combat racial discrimination in employment.
[Bristol Bus Boycott Campaign]
## Footnote
This campaign played a crucial role in advocating for the rights of Black workers.
81
Who were the key figures involved in the Bristol Bus Boycott?
Owen Henry, Roy Hackett, Audley Evans, Prince Brown, Paul Stephenson
## Footnote
Paul Stephenson served as the spokesperson for the West Indian Development Council.
82
What inspired Paul Stephenson to take action against the bus company's racist policies?
The work of Martin Luther King Jr, Rosa Parks, and other non-violent civil rights activists in the USA
## Footnote
These figures were instrumental in shaping civil rights movements globally.
83
What incident triggered the Bristol Bus Boycott?
Guy Bailey was denied an interview for a bus conductor position due to his race
## Footnote
Bailey was a Black Jamaican who had an interview arranged but was turned away upon arrival.
84
What was the community's response to the bus company's racist policies?
A boycott of Bristol's buses was announced by Paul Stephenson
## Footnote
The boycott aimed to include the entire Caribbean community in Bristol.
85
Which notable individuals supported the Bristol Bus Boycott?
Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Tony Benn, Sir Learie Constantine
## Footnote
Their support helped elevate the boycott to national and international attention.
86
When did the bus company announce the end of its 'colour bar'?
28 August 1963
## Footnote
This date coincided with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I Have a Dream' speech.
87
Who was Bristol's first non-white bus conductor after the boycott?
Raghbir Singh
## Footnote
Singh was followed by others from Jamaica and Pakistan.
88
What is a 'colour bar'?
A discriminatory policy that prevents individuals of certain races from employment or services
## Footnote
This practice was prevalent in various sectors during the 1950s.
89
Fill in the blank: The Bristol Bus Boycott became _______ news.
national and international
## Footnote
The boycott garnered widespread attention and support beyond Bristol.
90
True or False: Other cities in Britain, such as London, employed Black and Asian bus drivers during the 1950s.
True
## Footnote
Cities like London and Wolverhampton had different employment practices compared to Bristol.
91
Describe the role of Bristol University students in the boycott.
They staged a protest march in support of the boycott
## Footnote
This involvement helped amplify the message and gather public support.
92
What was the initial reaction of bus workers to the protest march?
They shouted at the protesters
## Footnote
This indicates the tension and opposition the boycott faced from the bus company employees.
93
What might one ask to learn more about the Bristol Bus Boycott?
What were the long-term effects of the Bristol Bus Boycott on racial equality in Britain?
## Footnote
This question could lead to various sources, such as academic studies or historical records.
94
What were the two main responses of British governments to the tension between existing populations and migrants?
Limit immigration and tackle racial discrimination
## Footnote
These responses reflect the government's approach to managing societal changes during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s.
95
What did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 stipulate for migrant groups?
Commonwealth citizens without a British passport could only enter if they were skilled professionals with permission to work
## Footnote
This act significantly limited the entry of Commonwealth citizens into Britain.
96
What was the significance of the Race Relations Act of 1965?
It was the first British law to make discrimination illegal based on colour, race, or ethnic or national origins in public places
## Footnote
However, it did not cover housing, employment, or financial matters.
97
What restriction did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968 impose?
Commonwealth immigrants could only live and work in Britain if they had a parent or grandparent born in Britain or was a British citizen
## Footnote
This further tightened immigration policies for Commonwealth citizens.
98
What did the Race Relations Act of 1968 accomplish?
Made it illegal to refuse housing or employment based on colour, race, or national origins
## Footnote
This act expanded protections against discrimination in Britain.
99
What was the public reaction to Enoch Powell's speech in 1968?
Around three-quarters of British people agreed with him
## Footnote
This indicates significant public support for his controversial views despite his sacking.
100
True or False: Enoch Powell's speech predicted peaceful integration of migrants into British society.
False
## Footnote
Powell predicted violent bloodshed if migrants were allowed to have equal rights with white people.
101
Who were the National Front and what were they known for?
A group that supported Powell's views, known for using violence against minority ethnic groups
## Footnote
They regularly intimidated and terrorized individuals, aligning with extremist ideologies.
102
Fill in the blank: The Race Relations Act of 1965 applied only in _______.
public places
## Footnote
This limitation meant that many areas of life were not covered by the legislation.
103
What did the Times newspaper declare about Powell's speech?
It was 'evil'
## Footnote
Despite this condemnation, Powell garnered significant support from parts of the public.
104
What were some concerns expressed by Enoch Powell regarding immigration?
Overcrowding, access to hospital beds, school places for children
## Footnote
These concerns reflected fears about the impact of immigration on British society.
105
What was the Immigration Act of 1971?
It severely restricted immigration from the Commonwealth unless immigrants had a parent or grandparent born in Britain.
## Footnote
This act was a significant legislative change in immigration policy in the UK.
106
What did the Race Relations Act of 1976 accomplish?
It outlawed all discrimination in employment, housing, education, and provision of goods and services.
## Footnote
This act was a response to rising racial tensions and aimed to promote equality.
107
Who was Enoch Powell?
A British politician known for his controversial speech in 1968 that incited fear and racial tensions.
## Footnote
His speech is often cited as a pivotal moment in race relations in the UK.
108
What impact did Enoch Powell's speech have on race relations in the UK in the late 1960s?
It instilled fear among Black individuals and contributed to a climate of resentment and hostility.
## Footnote
This was reflected in personal accounts, such as that of Lance Bunkley.
109
What was the purpose of the Commission for Racial Equality established by the Race Relations Act?
To ensure that the new laws against discrimination were followed.
## Footnote
This commission played a crucial role in monitoring and enforcing racial equality in the UK.
110
Fill in the blank: The number of immigrants to Britain never exceeded the number of _______ throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and most of the 1970s.
emigrants
111
What are two ways British governments tried to improve the lives of migrants from the Caribbean and Commonwealth countries?
* Enacting the Race Relations Act of 1976
* Establishing the Commission for Racial Equality
## Footnote
These measures were intended to address issues of discrimination and promote integration.
112
True or False: The Immigration Act of 1971 allowed unlimited immigration from the Commonwealth.
False
113
What can be learned from Lance Bunkley's experience regarding the societal changes after Powell's speech?
It highlights the increase in fear and hostility towards Black individuals in public spaces.
## Footnote
His recollections indicate a significant shift in public attitudes following the speech.
114
Why did some of the existing white populations resent British citizens from the Caribbean and Commonwealth countries who arrived after 1945?
Resentment stemmed from economic competition and cultural differences.
## Footnote
This was a common sentiment during periods of economic uncertainty.
115
What event triggered a campaign against prejudice within the police force?
The murder of Stephen Lawrence
## Footnote
Stephen Lawrence was a Black British student murdered in 1993 during a racist attack.
116
What was the outcome of the inquiry into the police's handling of Stephen Lawrence's murder?
The Macpherson report concluded that the investigation was affected by 'professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership'
## Footnote
The inquiry led to over 70 recommendations for change in the police force.
117
What year were two of the suspects in Stephen Lawrence's murder found guilty?
2012
## Footnote
This was nearly two decades after the initial murder in 1993.
118
What does the Macpherson report define as 'institutional racism'?
'The collective failure of an organisation to provide [...] [a] professional service [...] through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people'
## Footnote
This definition highlights how systemic issues can affect service delivery to minorities.
119
Fill in the blank: The Macpherson report made over _______ recommendations to change the culture in the police force.
70
## Footnote
These recommendations aimed to improve the handling of cases involving minority ethnic individuals.
120
True or False: The government established a special inquiry into the police's handling of Stephen Lawrence's murder due to public outcry.
True
## Footnote
The inquiry was set up after years of campaigning by Stephen's parents.
121
What ongoing problem do Britain's African-Caribbean communities face in schools?
Exclusion rates for African-Caribbean students are up to six times higher than those of white students in some areas
## Footnote
This issue remains a topic of controversy and discussion.
122
As of 2021, Black British drivers were _______ more likely to be stopped by police than white British drivers.
56%
## Footnote
This statistic indicates ongoing racial disparities in policing.
123
What was the age of Stephen Lawrence when he was murdered?
18 years old
## Footnote
His young age highlights the tragic loss of potential due to violence.
124
What was the initial public perception of the police investigation into Stephen Lawrence's murder?
Many felt the police were not doing enough to identify and prosecute the killers because Stephen was Black
## Footnote
This perception fueled the demand for accountability and reform.
125
What new rules did the British government introduce in 2012 regarding migration?
People had to show documents proving their right to live in the country before renting a home, starting a job, or receiving medical treatment.
126
What were the consequences for the Windrush generation due to the 2012 migration rules?
Many lost their jobs, were denied medical care, or were sent back to the Caribbean.
127
What is the Windrush Scandal?
A situation where members of the Windrush generation faced deportation and denial of rights due to lack of documentation.
128
What did the British government admit in August 2018 regarding the Windrush generation?
The government admitted its mistakes and stated that anyone who had left the UK would be helped to return.
129
Who is Tony Perry and what happened to him in 2001?
Tony Perry arrived in Britain in 1959, served in the Royal Navy, and was refused a British passport in 2001, being told he wasn't a British citizen.
130
What feelings did Tony Perry express about his experience with citizenship?
He felt ashamed, like a punch in the stomach, and expressed that it erased a part of his life.
131
What is institutional racism?
A form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions.
132
Who donated money to set up Show Racism the Red Card and when?
Footballer Shaka Hislop donated money to set up the charity in 1996.
133
What is the purpose of Show Racism the Red Card?
To challenge racist stereotypes and negative attitudes through education.
134
What incident occurred on 17 May 1959 in Notting Hill, London?
A gang of white youths stabbed to death 32-year-old Kelso Cochrane.
135
What was the outcome of the investigation into Kelso Cochrane's murder?
The police failed to charge anyone for the murder.
136
What is the Macpherson report?
A report that examined the investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence and addressed issues of institutional racism.
137
Fill in the blank: The Windrush generation refers to people who migrated from _______.
Caribbean countries
138
True or False: The Windrush generation included individuals who believed they were British citizens.
True
139
Who was Claudia Jones?
A Trinidadian activist who moved to Britain in 1955 and founded the West Indian Gazette in 1958.
## Footnote
Claudia Jones campaigned against racism and promoted Caribbean culture.
140
What significant event did Claudia Jones help launch in 1959?
An annual carnival event to showcase Caribbean culture in Britain.
## Footnote
This event later evolved into the Notting Hill Carnival.
141
What was the purpose of the carnival launched by Claudia Jones?
To wash the taste of the Notting Hill and Nottingham race riots out of people's mouths and celebrate Caribbean culture.
## Footnote
The carnival aimed to promote unity and cultural pride.
142
What is the Notting Hill Carnival known for?
One of the largest street festivals in the world, attracting up to one million visitors annually.
## Footnote
The first outdoor Notting Hill Carnival was held in 1966.
143
What other activities did Claudia Jones engage in besides founding a newspaper?
She campaigned against racist immigration policies and discrimination in housing, education, and employment.
## Footnote
She also made speeches at peace rallies and traveled to various countries.
144
Who is Corinne Skinner-Carter?
A Trinidadian actress who came to Britain in 1955 to train as a teacher.
## Footnote
She starred in the television series EastEnders.
145
What was the impact of Caribbean migrants on the British economy after World War II?
They helped the economy recover by filling jobs in hospitals, railways, building sites, and buses.
## Footnote
Caribbean migrants were the largest group among new arrivals from ex-British Empire countries.
146
True or False: Caribbean migrants were the only new arrivals to Britain after World War II.
False
## Footnote
They were joined by migrants from countries like Nigeria, Ghana, and India.
147
What did many Caribbean migrants do over time in Britain?
They began to settle down and start families.
## Footnote
This contributed to the growth of the Caribbean community in Britain.
148
What term did individuals born in Britain with Caribbean heritage use to identify themselves?
'Black British'
## Footnote
This term reflects their connection to Britain rather than a migrant identity.
149
By the 1970s, what demographic emerged in Britain with Caribbean heritage?
A whole generation of young Black Britons
## Footnote
This generation had a significant cultural impact in various areas.
150
How many people in Britain are estimated to have Caribbean ancestry?
Over a million people
## Footnote
Exact numbers are difficult to determine.
151
Name three areas where Caribbean migrants and their descendants have impacted British culture.
* Politics
* Arts
* Music
* Literature
* Sport
## Footnote
These areas reflect the diverse contributions of Caribbean communities.
152
Who was the first Black player to represent England in a full international football match?
Viv Anderson
## Footnote
He achieved this milestone in 1978.
153
What notable career achievements are associated with Viv Anderson?
Played for Nottingham Forest, Arsenal, and Manchester United
## Footnote
His professional career lasted over 20 years.
154
Who was the first Black Chief Constable in the UK?
Michael Fuller
## Footnote
His parents migrated from Jamaica in the late 1950s.
155
What recognition did Johnson Beharry receive for his service in Iraq?
The Victoria Cross
## Footnote
He was the first recipient of this medal since 1982.
156
In what year did Queen Elizabeth present the Victoria Cross to Johnson Beharry?
2004
## Footnote
The award was significant as it had not been given since 1982.
157
Who became Britain's first Black female MP, and in what year?
Diane Abbott in 1987
## Footnote
She was born to Jamaican parents in London.
158
Who is Sir Lewis Hamilton, and what is his significance in racing?
A British world champion racing driver; the first Black driver in Formula 1
## Footnote
His father is of Grenadian descent.
159
Who held the position of Children's Laureate from 2013 to 2015?
Malorie Blackman
## Footnote
She is a British writer of children's books.
160
What was Malorie Blackman's background?
Her parents were from Barbados and part of the Windrush generation
## Footnote
Her father was a bus driver, and her mother worked in a factory.
161
Fill in the blank: Claudia Jones organized the Caribbean Carnival following the riots in _______.
Notting Hill and Nottingham
## Footnote
This event was a response to social unrest.
