theme 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
what are the organelles in a eukaryote?
A
cytoskeleton
endomembrane system
primary genome of chromosomes
80s ribosomes
mitochondria
plastids
sexual reproduction
2
Q
what are the 2 functions of a skeleton?
A
- structure
- facilitates movement
3
Q
where are microtubules found?
A
in spindles
4
Q
how are microtubules assembled and what does that create?
A
in a helix, creates an empty tube
5
Q
what are the two types of tubulin in a microtubule?
A
alpha tubulin
beta tubulin
6
Q
what creates the charged ends
A
the alpha and beta arrangement
7
Q
what is the purpose of an intermediate filament
A
- intracellular transport
- aids in movement
8
Q
what is a microfilament?
A
an actin subunit
9
Q
what is the order from biggest to smallest of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filament
A
microtubule>intermediate filament>microfilament
10
Q
what do cilia and flagella have in common?
A
the same internal structure
11
Q
how do flagella beat?
A
in smooth S-shaped waves that travel from base to tip
12
Q
how do cilia beat?
A
in an oarlike power stroke followed by a recovery stroke
13
Q
how many pairs of collums around the periferrel of flagellum?
A
9
14
Q
how many collumns in the middle of the flagellum?
A
2
15
Q
what does a dynein arm do?
A
it reaches to a microtubule to shorten filamen
16
Q
what does shortening the filamen do to the flagellum?
A
bends it
17
Q
what is an endomembrane system?
A
the internal membrane system
18
Q
what are the 6 eukaryotic cell features
A
nucleus
mitochrondria
plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
19
Q
how is the animal cell different from the plant cell (3ways)?
A
-animals dont have a cell wall, a central vacuual or chloroplasts
-almost everything has a membrane
20
Q
what features do both types of cell have?
A
both have nuclei, golgo apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum
21
Q
what do endomembranes allow?
A
-partition (space for particular functions)
-increase surface area of the cell
-engulf large particles
22
Q
why is an increased surface area of the cell important?
A
to have biomechanical reactions proceed
23
Q
why is engulfing large particles important?
A
-its the origin of predation
-it creates space to eat things
24
Q
what type of dna does a prokaryotic cell have?
A
1 long circular loop of DNA
25
what does a plasmid allow?
allows bacteria to do horizontal transfer
26
what type of DNA does a eukaryotic cell have?
primary genome of multiple linear chromosomes
27
what is the point of a nucleus?
to segregate DNA so no cell processes are interupted and so DNA is protected
28
what are traits of eukaryotic ribosomes
80s in size
bigger than prokaryotes
make more RNA than prokaryotes
29
what type of ribosomes do mitochondria have?
70s
30
why is it important that mitochondria have their own ribosomes
its evidence for symbiosis
31
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
2 (inner and outer)
32
what is another piece of evidence for endosymbiosis in mitochondria other than ribosomes?
they have their own DNA and reproduce seperatly from the cell
33
what do plants use plastids for?
-photosynthesis
-sugar storage
34
whats the evidence for endosymbiosis in plastids?
-have their own DNA
-have 70s ribosomes
35
why are plastids only in plants?
because the endosymbiosis only occured in a subgroup
36
what type of exchange of genetic material do eukaryotes use?
verticle
37
what type of genetic material exchange do prokaryotes use and what does that result in?
horizontal, results in no unique offspring
38
how do mitochondria and plastids differe from other organelles in eukaryotic cells?
-reproduce by fission
-circular DNA
-DNA is more similar to prokaryotes than to that of that eukaryotic cell they are in
-double membrane
-smaller size
-70s ribosomes
-proteins that are only prokaryotic
39
what is the great oxygenation event?
the reason there was a lack of oxygen in the environment so long
40
why did it take so long for oxygen to rise in the environment?
oxygen reacts with everything, there was so much iron in the ocean that the oxygen had to react out all the iron
41
what is another name for the great oxygenation event?
the great rusting
42
what is evidence for rise of atmospheric oxygen?
iron banding in rocks
43
what are selective advantages of multicellularity?
-division of labour and economy of scale
-increased size
-complexity
44
what are advantages to having an increased size?
storage, avoid predation, new metabolic functions, enhanced mobility, share info with other cells
45
what are advantages to having complexity?
-predator/prey and host/parasite interactions
-increased opportunity for diversity inform/function and niches
46
what are challenges to being large and multicellular?
smaller surface area to volume ratio
47
why is having a smaller SA/V ratio bad?
limits exhange and transport and rates of supply and production
48
what is the symbiotic hypotheses?
cells of different origins come together and become one individual
49
why doesnt the symbiotic hypothesis work?
different genomes cant just become the same, would have to change DNA
50
what is the synytial hypothesis?
multiple cells who share cytoplasm with multiple nuclei
51
why is the syncytial hypothesis unlikely?
we have no evidence
52
what is the colonial hypothesis?
organsims living in a colony all with the same genome take on different jobs and becomes tissues
53
what is evidence for colonial hypothesis?
animals
54
what is a monophyletic taxon?
a taxon that includes an ancestor and all its descendants
55
what is a polyphyletic taxon?
a taxon that includes species from different evolutionary lineages, does not include the most common ancestor
56
why did we create polyphyletic taxons?
based on morphological traits, they looked the same
57
what is a paraphyletic taxon?
a taxon that includes an ancestral species and only some of its descendants
58
what is another name for plants?
plantae
59
what is another name for animals?
metazoa
59
what is the opisthokonts?
most diverse group including animals, fungi and choanoflagellates
60
how do opisthokont animals get energy?
chemical energy from outside the body (chemoheterotrophs)
61
what stage of opisthokont animals is dominant?
diploid stage, haploid is short lived
62
what are traits of opisthokont animals?
multicellular
no cell walls
motile
oxidative phosphorylation to supply ATP
sense and respond to environment
63
what are the three diagnostic characteristics only found in animals?
1. develop from a blastula
2. certain extracellular matrix molecules
3. certain cell-cell membrane junctions
64
what are the cell-cell membrane junctions found in animals?
tight/septate junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
65
what is desmosomes?
where cell membranes stick together, one of the strongest froms of cell adhesion
66
where are desmosomes found?
where theres a lot of mechanical stress
67
what are gap junctions?
protein form direct channels that allow small molecules and ions to flow between the ctyoplasm
68
what is a tight junction?
tight connection forms between adjacent cells by fusion of plasma membrane proteins on outer surface
69
how do plants get energy?
light energy from within the body (photoautotrophic)
70
what is the dominant stage of plants?
both haploid and diploid stages are prominant (tied)
71
what are traits of plants?
multicellular eukaryotes
cell walls
sessile
alternation of generation life cycle
72
what cell stuctures differ in plants than animals?
cell wall
large vacuole
chloroplast
73
how do plants move?
up/down/laterally
phototropic (moves in response to light)
move in response to physical stimuli
disperse pollen and seeds
74
why are plants sessile?
they dont need to move to aquire energy and carbon
75
why are animals mobile?
because they have to eat things to aquire energy and carbon, and they have to move to find food
76
what is required of animals to be mobile?
mucle
well developped senses
nervous system
digestive system
excratory system
skeletal system
limbs
high metabolic rate
77
what type of animals are sessile?
filter feeders, aquatic, they move as larva
78
how is diversity of plants and animals classified?
based on inferences of evolutionary relatedness
79
what is considered inferences of evolutionary relatedness?
genetics, morphology, physiology, behaviour
-heritable traits
80
what two groups are protostomes?
lophotrochozoans
ecdysozoans
81
what two groups are considered deuterostomes?
ambulacra
chordates
82
what does tripoblastic mean?
3 germ layers
83
what are the three germ layers?
ecto-outside
mezo-middle
endo-inside
84
what is the defining aspect of a protostome?
blastopore becomes the mouth
85
what is the defining feature of a deuterostome?
blastopore becomes anus
86
what is cephalization?
head emphasis
87
what germ layers do diploblasts have?
ecto/endoderm
88
what are porifera?
sponges
89
what are traits of porifera?
-asymmetrical
-no differentiated/specialized tissue
90
how does cleavge occur in protostomes?
-spiral cleavage
-top to bottom division
-twisted alignment
91
how does cleavage occur in deuterostomes?
-radial cleavage
-top to bottom division
-line up equivalently
92
what do lophotrochozoans have?
-trochophore larva
-filter feeding structures
93
what do ecdysozoans have?
an external cuticle that is shed to grow
94
what is phylum ctenophora?
comb jellies
95
what are traits of comb jellies?
gelatinous body
fused cilia projecting out like a comb, used in locomotion
motile
96
what is in the phylum cnidaria?
jellyfish, sea anemones, coral , hydra
97
what are traits of the phylum cnidaria?
radial symmetry, diploblastic
98
what are body forms?
developmental phases
99
what are the two body forms of radial animals?
polyp
medusa
100
what are traits of the polyp body form?
-mouth pointing up
-sessile
-looks like an upside down medusa
101
what are traits of the medusa body form?
-mobile
-mouth pointing down
102
what are bilaterally symmetrical?
protostomes
103
which phylums are included in the lophotrochozoans?
phylum platyhelminthes
phylum mollusca
phylum annelida
104
what does acoelemate mean?
no body cavity
105
what are the 3 main body components of the phylum mollusca?
mantle
head foot
visceral mass
106
what is the head foot?
muscle for mobility
107
what does the mantle do?
secrets shell
108
what phylums are included in the ecdysozoans?
phylum nematoda
phylum arthropoda
109
what is the phylum nematoda?
round worms (not segmented)
parasites, agricultural pests
110
what are arthropod traits?
exoskeleton
segmented body
jointed legs
111
what is the pylum echinodermata?
-spiny skin
-starfish, urchins, sand dollars
-start bilaterally semetrical then ass radial symmetry
-water vascular system and tube feet
112
what is the phylum chordata?
-humans
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-segmented muscles with post-anal tail
-notochord
113
what is the phylum hemichordata?
-half chordate
-dorsal nerve cord
