Theme 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Who is considered the ‘father of victimology’?
A
Mendelsohn
2
Q
What does victimology study?
A
Victimization and its effects
3
Q
Which paradigm of victimology focuses on crime as a result of societal structures?
A
Critical Victimology
4
Q
Which of the following is NOT a key component of victimology?
A
Rights of criminals
5
Q
What is the main focus of radical victimology?
A
Criminal justice reform
6
Q
What is repeat victimization?
A
A person or place being victimized multiple times
7
Q
According to victimology, crime victims often experience which of the following?
A
All of the above
Physical harm, Economic loss, Psychological distress
8
Q
Which of the following is a key characteristic of conservative victimology?
A
Focuses solely on the offender’s actions
9
Q
What is Vianno’s first stage of victimization?
A
Experiencing harm
10
Q
What is the final stage of psychological reaction to victimization?
A
Normalization
11
Q
What is a direct economic loss due to victimization?
A
Theft of property
12
Q
What is an indirect economic consequence of victimization?
A
Loss of income
13
Q
Which age group experiences the highest violent crime rates?
A
Teens (16-19)
14
Q
Which crime are elderly individuals most vulnerable to?
A
Fraud and scams
15
Q
Which gender is more likely to experience violent crime?
A
Males
16
Q
Which gender is more likely to experience sexual violence?
A
Females
17
Q
Why are single individuals more at risk of victimization?
A
They frequent public places more
18
Q
Which marital status group has the lowest victimization risk?
A
Widowed
19
Q
What is the main reason why minority groups face higher crime rates?
A
Economic inequality
20
Q
Which income group faces the highest rate of violent crime?
A
Low-income
21
Q
Why are wealthy individuals often victims of property crimes?
A
They have visible signs of affluence
22
Q
What type of neighborhood has the highest crime rates?
A
Urban
23
Q
Why do rural areas have lower crime rates?
A
Stronger social ties
24
Q
What is the ‘flag’ explanation for repeat victimization?
A
Some victims attract criminals due to vulnerability
25
What is the 'boost' explanation for repeat victimization?
Offenders target the same victim after a successful crime
26
What is an example of 'boost' victimization?
A store robbed multiple times due to poor security
27
What is a visible physical effect of crime victimization?
Bruises
28
Which of the following is NOT an emotional reaction to victimization?
Financial loss
29
Why do some victims isolate themselves after a crime?
They fear repeated victimization
30
Which is an example of occupational functioning being affected by victimization?
Losing a job due to physical injury
31
What is a primary goal of victimology?
Studying victimization
32
Which stage of Vianno’s model involves victims recognizing unfair harm?
Realizing harm
33
Which of the following is NOT a problem crime victims experience?
Better job opportunities
34
Which statement is true regarding victim-offender relationships?
Men are mostly victimized by strangers
35
What is the most common reaction in the initial shock stage?
Disbelief
36
What is an example of a crime resulting from societal structures?
A gang-related robbery
37
Which of the following is NOT a reason for repeat victimization?
Victims improving security
38
Which paradigm believes victims should not have more rights than offenders?
Radical victimology
39
Why do urban areas have higher crime rates?
Anonymity and weaker social bonds
40
What is the term for compensation or support being used as societal control?
Oppressive victim compensation
41
What is the primary focus of Learning Unit 1.2?
Different schools of criminological thought and their impact on crime theories.
42
What is classical criminology based on?
The idea that crime results from free will and the pleasure-pain principle (hedonism).
43
Who are the founders of classical criminology?
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
44
What is the key idea of classical criminology regarding punishment?
Punishment should be swift, certain, and proportionate to deter crime.
45
What is positivist criminology?
A school of thought that argues crime is influenced by factors beyond individual control, such as biology, psychology, and social conditions.
46
Who is considered the father of positivist criminology?
Cesare Lombroso.
47
What are the three branches of positivist criminology?
Biological positivism, psychological positivism, and sociological positivism.
48
What does biological positivism suggest?
That criminal behavior is inherited and criminals have physical traits that distinguish them.
49
What does psychological positivism focus on?
Mental illnesses and personality disorders as causes of crime.
50
What does sociological positivism examine?
The influence of poverty, family, and peer groups on crime.
51
What is critical criminology?
A school of thought that sees crime as a result of social and economic inequalities.
52
What does critical criminology say about the justice system?
That laws are created to protect the interests of the powerful.
53
What is a major criticism of critical criminology?
It overlooks individual responsibility in crime.
54
What is feminist criminology?
A perspective that examines how gender roles and patriarchy influence crime and victimization.
55
What does feminist criminology criticize?
The male-centered focus of traditional criminology (malestream criminology).
56
What is rational choice theory?
The belief that criminals weigh risks and rewards before committing crimes.
57
What is postmodern criminology?
A perspective that rejects universal crime theories and emphasizes cultural differences.
58
What does the social process approach suggest?
That crime is learned through interactions with family, education, and peer groups.
59
What does the social structure approach focus on?
How poverty and social inequality contribute to crime.
60
What is the main purpose of criminological theory?
To explain crime patterns and guide crime prevention strategies.
61
How does the neo-classical school differ from classical criminology?
It allows for mitigating circumstances, such as mental illness and coercion.
62
What does the social milieu school argue?
That poor social conditions, such as poverty and lack of education, contribute to crime.
63
What does criminology in Africa focus on?
The impact of colonial history and economic disparities on crime.
64
What does criminology in South Africa emphasize?
The effects of apartheid, socio-economic inequality, and political transitions on crime.
65
What are some factors unique to South African crime?
Marginalized youth, weak social control, history of violence, and easy access to firearms.
66
According to Mushanga, how can crime be reduced in Africa?
Compulsory education, eliminating poverty, restoring family values, and improving living conditions.
67
What does postmodern criminology reject?
Traditional theories of crime and universal explanations.
68
How does feminist criminology view crime prevention?
By addressing gender inequality and societal structures that enable crime.
69
What does rational choice theory say about deterrence?
That crime can be prevented by making punishment severe and certain.
70
According to classical criminology, why do people obey laws?
Because they fear punishment.
71
What does critical criminology believe about corporate crime?
That crimes committed by the wealthy are often ignored or under-punished.
72
What does biological positivism claim about criminals?
That they have inherited traits that make them prone to crime.
73
What role does socialization play in crime according to the social process approach?
Crime is learned through interaction with others.
74
What is the main criticism of classical criminology?
It assumes all individuals act rationally and ignores external factors.
75
How does the social structure approach propose to reduce crime?
By addressing poverty and social inequalities.
76
What does the feminist criminology approach say about domestic violence?
It is rooted in patriarchal structures that normalize male dominance.
77
Why does the neo-classical school allow for mitigating circumstances?
Because not all criminals act with complete free will.
78
What does criminology in South Africa suggest about crime prevention?
Crime prevention should consider historical injustices and social realities.
79
Why does the critical criminology school focus on capitalism?
It believes capitalism creates class struggles that lead to crime.
80
What does the social milieu school propose as a solution to crime?
Social reforms that improve education, employment, and living conditions.
81
How does criminology in Africa differ from Western criminology?
It incorporates community-based and restorative justice approaches.
82
What does postmodern criminology say about law enforcement?
Traditional legal systems should be replaced with community-based justice models.
83
How does rational choice theory propose reducing crime?
By increasing the perceived risks of committing a crime.
84
What is one criticism of feminist criminology?
It focuses mainly on gender and overlooks other factors like race and class.
85
How do postmodern criminologists view crime definitions?
Crime is a social construct that varies across cultures and societies.
86
What does social structure criminology emphasize?
That crime results from socio-economic factors, such as unemployment and inequality.
87
Why is positivist criminology criticized?
It assumes that crime is caused solely by external factors and ignores free will.
88
What does the social process theory say about peer influence?
That criminal behavior is learned through peer interactions.
