Theme 1 : Histology

Question 1

Germ line cells

Answer 1

reproductive cells (ovocytes/eggs, spermatozoa)

Question 2

How are tissues received in the laboratory?

Answer 2

in fixative (mostly formalin = 10% formaldehyde in H2O)

Question 3

What does Fixation do?

Answer 3

Prevents autolysis (self-digestion)
ensures preservation (e.g. protein preservation)
hardens the tissue for cutting

Question 4

How do we process tissues into a wax block?

Answer 4

Saturation in alcohol removes water
Saturation in xylene removes alcohol
Saturation in paraffin removes xylene

Question 5

What is Immunohistochemistry?

Answer 5

A way to detect proteins on/in cells or tissues

An antibody is labelled with a brown marker dye / indicator
That means: Brown slide = protein present
Blue background stain only = protein absent

Question 6

What are the types of Epithelium cells?

Answer 6

Squamous
Glandular (columnar)
Urothelium of urinary tract
Endothelium of vessels
mesothelium/serosa

Question 7

What are the 6 types of tissues?

Answer 7

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Neural tissue
Germ line cells
Blood

Question 8

What are Epithelium cells?

Answer 8

The cells covering a surface (internal or external)

The underlying basement membrane

Solid organs are often mostly composed of epithelial tissues e.g. liver, kidneys, glands, … + stroma

Question 9

Squamous epithelium properties

Answer 9

protective

Question 10

glandular epithelium properties

Answer 10

productive (glandular secretions)

Question 11

Urothelium epithelium properties

Answer 11

waterproof and stretchable

Question 12

mesothelium epithelium properties

Answer 12

lines large body cavities (pleura, serosa)

Question 13

endothelium epithelium properties

Answer 13

lines blood vessels and lymphatic channels

Question 14

What are the examples that show epithelium cells interface between biological compartments?

Answer 14

high cell turnover
regulation of molecular exchanges
sensory functions, immune functions

Question 15

Epithelium cells originate from…

Answer 15

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 16

Ingrowths of epithelium specialize to form…

Answer 16

glands and ducts

Question 17

Describe the cells in the cervix

Answer 17

squamous and glandular / columnar epithelium next to each other

glandular / columnar epithelium produces mucin

Question 18

What are the options of shape or morphology when classifying epithelia?

Answer 18

Squamous
Cuboidal/columnar
Simple
Stratified
Ciliated
Keratinising

Question 19

What are the options of function when classifying epithelia?

Answer 19

Glandular (secretions)
Neuroendocrine

Question 20

What are the options of location when classifying epithelia?

Answer 20

Urothelium
Endothelium
Mesothelium

Question 21

What is Simple epithelia? Can you give examples (5)

Answer 21

One layer and basement layer

endothelium
mesothelium
kidney tubules
alveoli
respiratory tract

Question 22

Give the subclassification and sites of squamous epithelium cells

Answer 22

simple - endothelium, loop of henle
stratified - oesophagus
stratified, keratinising - skin (epidermis)

Question 23

Give the subclassification and sites of cuboidal epithelium cells

Answer 23

Simple - surface of ovary
Stratified - larger ducts of exocrine glands

Question 24

Give the subclassification and sites of columnar epithelium cells

Answer 24

Simple - gallbladder
Pseudostratified, ciliated - Fallopian tubes

Question 25

> 1 layer+bm means

Answer 25

stratified means that the higher layers have NO connection to the basement membrane

Question 26

Describe Epithelium structure (4)

Answer 26

Cells are polarized basal (to the bm) / apical (to the surface) Basement membrane (collagen) Cells are adherent to each other Cytokeratin intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm

Question 27

In the epithelium structure, what does the property of the cells being adherent to each other do?

Answer 27

tight junctions to seal borders desmosomes for strength gap junctions to allow transfer of molecules

Question 28

Cytokeratin intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm...

Answer 28

to provide internal scaffold

Question 29

What are cytokeratins?

Answer 29

intermediate filaments of epithelia

Question 30

CK5/6

Answer 30

squamous epithelium e.g. oesophagus

Question 31

CK14

Answer 31

squamous epithelium e.g. skin

Question 32

CK7 (2)

Answer 32

glandular epithelium e.g. breast urothelium

Question 33

CK20 (2)

Answer 33

glandular epithelium e.g. colon urothelium umbrella cells

Question 34

What are the subclassifications of glandular epithelium? Can you give an example for each one?

Answer 34

Simple - Colon Compound - breast

Question 35

What are the subclassifications of glandular epithelium (solid organs) ? Can you give an example for each one?

Answer 35

Exocrine - pancreas (acinar tissue) Endocrine - pancreas (islets of langerhans)

Question 36

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 36

Glands with no ducts Secretion into the blood

Question 37

How are glands formed from?

Answer 37

Specialized cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells with a secretory ability/function.

Question 38

What are glands never?

Answer 38

Squamous

Question 39

Which glands have ducts?

Answer 39

Exocrine glands

Question 40

Describe the layers in blood vessels (from inside the lumen to outside)

Answer 40

Intima IEL - internal elastic lamina Media EEL - extrenal elastic lamina Adventitia

Question 41

What does the initma consists of

Answer 41

Simple layer of endothelium and loose connective tissue

Question 42

What is the IEL and EEL made of?

Answer 42

elastin

Question 43

What does the media layer consist of?

Answer 43

circumferential smooth muscle

Question 44

What does the adventitia layer consist of?

Answer 44

Collagen and little arteries, veins and nerves to supply the vessel wall tissues - these are called vasa vasorum

Question 45

What are the types of arteries?

Answer 45

Elastic arteries (large caliber) Muscular arteries (medium caliber) Arterioles (small caliber)

Question 46

Where are elastic arteries found?

Answer 46

Aorta, large pulmonary arteries

Question 47

Where are muscular arteries found?

Answer 47

Main distributing branches e.g. cerebral and coronary muscles

Question 48

Describe the composition of veins

Answer 48

No elastica layers Thin walled Valves