Theme 1: Lecture 2 - The skull and cranial cavity

Question 1

Name the tissues covering the skull starting from the most superficial

Answer 1

Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum of the skull

Spells SCALP

Question 2

Which layer of the scalp contains the majority of the blood vessels supplying the tissues of the scalp

Answer 2

Dense connective tissue

Question 3

Why do lacerations to the scalp bleed profusely

Answer 3

The dense connective tissue layer is unable to retract to its original position so the blood vessels remain open

Question 4

Name the 2 parts of the skull

Answer 4

Neurocranium and Viscerocranium

Question 5

What is the neurocranium

Answer 5

Bones surrounding the brain

Question 6

What is the viscerocranium

Answer 6

Facial skeleton

Question 7

At what age do the bones of the skull join at sutures

Answer 7

5 years

Question 8

Before the age of 5, what are the cartilaginous structures connecting the bones of the skull called

Answer 8

Fontanelles

Question 9

Name the bones of the neurocranium

Answer 9

Parietal 
Occipital
Frontal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

Question 10

Name the bones of the viscercranium

Answer 10

Nasal 
Lacrimal 
Vomer
Maxilla
Zygoma
Inferior Concha 
Mandible 
Palatine

Question 11

What is the pterion

Answer 11

Region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join together. It is located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple.

Question 12

Where is the Middle Meningeal Artery located

Answer 12

Deep to the pterion

Question 13

What is hydrocephalus

Answer 13

Build up of CSF in the skull

Question 14

What is a foramina

Answer 14

A small hole

Question 15

What is the function of cranial foramina

Answer 15

It’s a site of entry and exit into the skull

• Veins and cranial nerves exit
• Arteries enter

Question 16

Cranial nerve I

Answer 16

Olfactory

Question 17

Cranial nerve II

Answer 17

Optic

Question 18

Cranial nerve III

Answer 18

Oculomotor

Question 19

Cranial nerve IV

Answer 19

Trochlear

Question 20

Cranial nerve V

Answer 20

Trigeminal

Question 21

What are the 3 divisions of cranial nerve V

Answer 21

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

Question 22

Cranial nerve VI

Answer 22

Abducens

Question 23

Cranial nerve VII

Answer 23

Facial

Question 24

Cranial nerve VIII

Answer 24

Vestibulocochlear

Question 25

Cranial nerve IX

Answer 25

Glossopharyngeal

Question 26

Cranial nerve X

Answer 26

Vagus

Question 27

Cranial nerve XI

Answer 27

Accessory

Question 28

Cranial nerve XII

Answer 28

Hypoglossal

Question 29

Name the 11 cranial foramina

Answer 29

``` Cribriform plate Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Rotundum Ovale Spinosum Lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Magnum ```

Question 30

What goes through the cribriform plate

Answer 30

CN 1

Question 31

What goes through the optic canal

Answer 31

CN 2 and Ophthalmic artery

Question 32

What goes through the superior orbital fissure

Answer 32

CN 3, 4, 6, 5 (opthalmic)

Question 33

What goes through the rotundum

Answer 33

CN 5 (Maxillary)

Question 34

What goes through the ovale

Answer 34

CN5 (Mandibular), Accessory middle meningeal artery

Question 35

What goes through the spinosum

Answer 35

Middle meningeal artery

Question 36

What goes through the lacerum

Answer 36

Carotid artery (doesn't really go through, just sits over it)

Question 37

What goes through the Internal acoustic meatus

Answer 37

CN 7, 8

Question 38

What goes through the Jugular foramen

Answer 38

CN 9, 10, 11, Internal jugular vein

Question 39

What goes through the Hypoglossal canal

Answer 39

CN 12

Question 40

What goes through the Magnum

Answer 40

Spinal cord

Question 41

What are the two main arteries that supply the brain

Answer 41

Internal carotid artery | Vertebral artery

Question 42

Which arteries anastomose to form the Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)

Answer 42

2 Internal carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries

Question 43

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull

Answer 43

Foramen magnum

Question 44

Which artery do the vertebral arteries unite to form

Answer 44

Basilar artery

Question 45

Where is the common carotid located

Answer 45

Deep to the sternocleiomastoid

Question 46

What does the internal carotid supply

Answer 46

The brain

Question 47

What does the external carotid supply

Answer 47

The face

Question 48

Which arteries does the cerebral arterial circle give rise to

Answer 48

Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery

Question 49

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 49

Medial and superior surfaces of the brain and frontal pole

Question 50

What does the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 50

Lateral surfaces and temporal pole

Question 51

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 51

Inferior surfaces and occipital pole

Question 52

Describe how strokes are caused

Answer 52

-They are caused by an embolism in a cerebral artery -There are no anastomoses of cerebral arteries once within the brain so no way to avoid ischaemia Therefore there is a neurological deficit