Theme 2A

Question 1

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 1

Universal information flow from DNA to protein to convert genotype and phenotype

Question 2

Where does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 2

In the cytoplasm meaning they can occur simultaneously

Question 3

Where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 3

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 4

How did scientist conclude that DNA could not encode directly for proteins in eukaryotes

Answer 4

Since translation can only occur in the cytoplasm and DNA can’t and through the cytoplasm it needs to first be transformed into mRNA to be translated

Question 5

What happens if you mutated gene that encodes an enzyme?

Answer 5

There would be a block in the metabolic pathway and organism, can’t synthesize the nutrient/protein

Question 6

Slide 4?

Question 7

What is coding RNA?

Answer 7

RNA that codes for a protein/polypeptide

Question 8

What is non-coding RNA

Answer 8

TRNA rRNA snRNA microRNA, and it doesn’t code for protien

Question 9

What is the genetic code and what does it do?

Answer 9

Genetic code is information contained in four nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA sequences.Changes nucleotide sequence to AA sequence

Question 10

How many proteins can be made from a one nucleotide code how many from a two nucleotide how many nucleotides are needed for 20 amino acids?

Answer 10

One nucleotide equals four amino acids
Two nucleotide equals 16 amino acids.
64 possibilities for nucleotides for 20 amino acids (4^3)

Question 11

What is the three letter code in DNA called?

Answer 11

Triplet

Question 12

What is the three letter code in RNA called?

Answer 12

A codon it refers to mRNA

Question 13

What does it mean when the genetic code is universal?

Answer 13

The genetic code is the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and viruses

Question 14

Why do we use the GFP gene and transfer it to different host organisms

Answer 14

To monitor the spatial and temporal expression of a protein, basically to show where that protein is being expressed, and what it used for

Question 15

What strand of the DNA is the RNA strand produced from? Which way is it read by RNA polymerase

Answer 15

The template strand, which is read by the RNA polymerase in the templates 3 to 5 direction

Question 16

What does the coding strand of DNA have in relation to mRNA strand?

Answer 16

Same 5 to 3 orientation and sequence except the uracil in the RNA is changed to thymine in the DNA

Question 17

Transcription is going from ______ to _____
Translation is going from _________ to _____

Answer 17

DNA to mRNA
MRNA to protein/amino acid

Question 18

On chromosomal maps, the arrowhead is the____ end

If one strand is 5-3, it is the_____ strand, meaning, the other is_____ strand

Answer 18

3 prime

Coding strand , template, strand

Question 19

For chromosomal prokaryote map, if genes are on blue strand it is the ___ strand
If genes are on yellow strand it is ____ strand

Answer 19

Coding
Coding

Question 20

What is reverse transcription?

Answer 20

RNA to DNA
Due to viruses

Question 21

What is reverse transcriptase? Why does it do this?

Answer 21

Found in virus’s in RNA genomes. Converts viral RNA to viral DNA. It has poor proofreading so it makes DNA with errors. Converts rNA to DNA because RNA is single strand and needs to convert to double stranded to integrate into the host chromosome

Question 22

What happens when the viral DNA from reverse transcriptase is integrated into regular chromosome

Answer 22

The transcription and translation machinery is hijacked to make a viral proteins (mutations) from the viral DNA

Question 23

What does protease do in the reverse transcription process

Answer 23

Cleaves off the many poly protien from newly made viral RNA to make RNA fully functional/mature

Question 24

What is plus sense strand? Antisense strand?

Answer 24

Coding strand
Noncoding/template strand

Question 25

Covid slide

Question 26

What is RNA dependent RNA polymerase?

Answer 26

The RNA polymerase reads off the plus sense RNA strand, to make antiparallel antisense strand which is needed for viral transcription and replication

not DNA strand. hence RNA dependent

Question 27

What is the ACE2 receptor

Answer 27

It attaches to the lung cells heart cell and intestinal cells and lets spike protien (virus) bind to it.

Question 28

Why do we think RNA came before DNA?

Answer 28

Because like dna, it can store genetic information (code for amino acids) and can catalyze reactions (like an enzyme)

Question 29

What are ribozymes

Answer 29

Ribonucleic acid enzymes, can catalyze their own synthesis and cleave rna molecules to decrease the expression

Question 30

Why is DNA more advantageous over RNA

Answer 30

Is is double stranded. So it can let the complementary strand be used as a template to repair the damaged strand. RNA is single stranded so if mutation occurs that whole RNA strand is lost