Theme 2D

Question 1

what are mutations

Answer 1

changes to nucleic acid sequence

Question 2

are mutations inherited or not

Answer 2

both (inherited = germline, not = somatic)

Question 3

what is the progenitor cell

Answer 3

where the mutation occurrs, all other daughter cells will express the mutation

Question 4

what is base substitution

Answer 4

single nucleotide change

Question 5

what is insertion

Answer 5

one or more base pairs added in sequence during DNA replication

Question 6

what is deletion

Answer 6

one or more base pairs skipped during DNA replication

Question 7

can mutations occur in introns, exons, telomeres, or centromeres

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

what are spontaneous mutations

Answer 8

naturally occurring mutations, mainly caused by DNA replication errors

Question 9

what are induced mutations caused by

Answer 9

mutagens that cause mutations at a much higher rate than spontaneous mutagens, they can replace or alter a base so it mispairs, or damage a base so it can’t pair correctly

Question 10

what happens if a mutation occurs on the exon of a gene

Answer 10

there may be impacts on the encoded polypeptide

Question 11

missense mutation

Answer 11

codon change causes change in an amino acid

Question 12

nonsense mutation

Answer 12

sense codon change into a stop codon

Question 13

silent mutation

Answer 13

codon change does no change amino acid due to degeneracy of the genetic code

Question 14

frameshift mutation

Answer 14

insertion or deletion of a small number of base pairs that alter the reading frame

Question 15

which type of mutation would have the most effect on the function of the polypeptide

Answer 15

depends on location

Question 16

deletion (large scale chromosomal mutation)

Answer 16

loss of gene

Question 17

duplication/amplification

Answer 17

increasing dosage of genes

Question 18

translocation

Answer 18

interchanged genetic parts form non homologous chromosomes

Question 19

inversion

Answer 19

reversing orientation of a segment of the chromosome

Question 20

wild type allele

Answer 20

form of gene most found in nature or the standard laboratory stain of a model organism

Question 21

loss of function alleles (lof)

Answer 21

mutations that reduce/eliminate gene function/expression

Question 22

gain of function allele (gof)

Answer 22

mutations that enhance gene function/expression

Question 23

what is the cell cycle

Answer 23

an ordered set of processes by which one cell grows and divides into two daughter cells

Question 24

what happenes in G1 and G2

Answer 24

synthesis of proteins, RNA, metabolites, (not DNA)

Question 25

what happens in S phase

Answer 25

DNA replication

Question 26

what happens in M phase

Answer 26

mitosis

Question 27

what are homologous chromosomes

Answer 27

maternal and paternal pair of the same chromosome

Question 28

siste chromatids

Answer 28

identical copies of a chromosome, created during DNA replication and joined at the cenromere

Question 29

prophase

Answer 29

(2n) duplicated chromosomes condense and evoke visible w/ sister chromatids, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move apart and form mitotic spindles

Question 30

metaphase

Answer 30

(2n) chromosomes are aligned at equator (metaphase plate) and are attached to opposite poles under tension

Question 31

anaphase

Answer 31

(4n) sister chromatids and centromeres separate to the poles (8 chromosomes), centrosomes move further apart

Question 32

telophase

Answer 32

(4n) chromosomes clustered at opposite pole and decondensing, cytoplasm begins to divide by furrowing (cytokinesis)

Question 33

what is recombination

Answer 33

exchange of sections of non sister chromatids (in homologous pairs) by crossing over (during prophase I)

Question 34

after mitosis I, what is the ploidy of each cell

Answer 34

haploid, but the chromosomes are replicated

Question 35

are the sister chromatids split after meiosis I

Answer 35

no

Question 36

when do centromeres and sister chromatids separate in meiosis

Answer 36

anaphase II

Question 37

at the end of meiosis, how many daughter cells are there and what is their ploidy

Answer 37

4 non-identical haploid cells