Theme 3: the Development Of Lutheranism

Question 1

When was the Diet of Worms?

Answer 1

Jan 1521

Question 2

When did Luther arrive at the Diet of Worms?

Answer 2

19 Feb 1521

Question 3

What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms?

Answer 3

-Luther was declared an outlaw by the edict of worms
-All of Luther’s works were to be burned
-Printers would now require approval from the faculty of theology to print anything about christianity.

Question 4

What were the pope’s objectives at the Diet of Worms?

Answer 4

He told his representatives that he wanted Luther condemned immediately and completely.

Question 5

What was Charles V’s objectives at the Diet of Worms?

Answer 5

He wanted to unite the princes to make a stand against the growing threat of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 6

What were the Princes’ objectives at the Diet of Worms?

Answer 6

They had a list of 102 grievances influenced by Luther’s pamphlet ‘To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation’

Question 7

What happened at the diet of worms?

Answer 7

Luther’s books and pamphlets were all spread out before him on the first day and Archbishop of Trier was there to ask him before everybody whether or not he would recant his works. They gave him 1 day to consider. He then said he’d been too harsh on the pope but unless disproved by scripture he would not recant his works. Then went home under safe conduct.

Question 8

Why did the edict fail?

Answer 8

The edict was only enforced in a few areas as Charles V had to rely on the Princes to enforce it. The princes would only enforce it unless Charles V summoned a council with the pope to discuss the Grievances. This went on for 8 years.

Question 9

When did Luther get ‘kidnapped’ by Fredrick the Wise

Answer 9

1521on his way back from the Diet

Question 10

Where did Frederick the Wise take Luther?

Answer 10

Warburg Castle.

Question 11

What cover identity did Luther adopt at Warburg Castle?

Answer 11

Junker George (German equivalent of squire)

Question 12

When did Luther return to Wittenberg from Warburg?

Answer 12

March 1522

Question 13

When was Karlstadt and the Zwikau prophets rebellion?

Answer 13

1521

Question 14

Why did Carlstadt and Zwilling rebel?

Answer 14

They wanted to accelerate the reformation.

Question 15

What did Carlstadt do during his reformation acceleration?

Answer 15

They:
-denounced the mass
-offered both the bread and the wine to the laity
-encouraged monks to denounce their vows
-supported clerical marriage

Question 16

Who had radicalised the Zwickau prophets?

Answer 16

Thomas Muntzer

Question 17

What did the Zwickau prophets claim?

Answer 17

They said they had revelations. Predicted the Turks would invade and that any priest not married would be slain.

Question 18

How did Luther react to Carlstadt and the Zwickau prophets?

Answer 18

Returns in March 1522 to Wittenberg to stop the rebellion before Frederick the Wise is forced to use violence. Restored order within 8 days by preaching his Invocavit sermons which said to :
- take slow cautious change
- not impose force or compel this change
- persuasive preaching will win out people’s hearts in the end
Prophets were expelled and Carlstdat dismissed.

Question 19

Why was Luther’s reaction to Carlstadt and the Zwickau prophets important?

Answer 19

-It showed his conservative attitudes to change
-It showed him he’d created a vacuum with his reformist ideas and so he spent time making sure people understood his doctrines.

Question 20

When was the Knights Revolt?

Answer 20

1522-23

Question 21

What was the reason behind the Knights revolt?

Answer 21

The Knights had become an obsolete part of society and lacked purpose and power. Von Hutton had infused them with religious fervour and encouraged them of take back their power.

Question 22

What happened during the Knights Revolt?

Answer 22

Lead by Franz Von Sickingen they targeted Trier city and and tried to capture Archbishop trier but he refused to surrender and was supported by the local Princes. The attack failed and Hutton fled to Switzerland, Sickingen to his castle before he was overpowered by the Swabian league and killed.

Question 23

Who was the Archbishop of Trier and what was his importance?

Answer 23

The Archbishop of Trier was the one who had pointed to Luther’s works and asked him whether he recanted. He represented Rome and therefore the exploitation of Germany.

Question 24

What was Luther’s Reaction to the Knight’s revolt?

Answer 24

He was silent on the matter but could get away with it because the Imperial Knights were above his station.

Question 25

When was the Peasant's revolt?

Answer 25

1524-25

Question 26

Why did the Peasants revolt?

Answer 26

It was a reflection of mounting hardship. The beginnings of Serfdom had begun to be imposed yet again. There was also increased financial demands and legal changes due to the growing population and many peasants aimed to regain lost liberties.

Question 27

How did religion become involved in the peasant's revolt?

Answer 27

Many priests joined and claimed to be followers of Luther, giving the impression it was a religious rebellion. One of the rebels demands was also that they wanted Godly preachers elected by the local communities.

Question 28

What were the demands of the Peasant's revolt?

Answer 28

- Godly preachers elected by the local community - no more tithes - appealed for social justice as revealed in the Gospels

Question 29

Why did the peasants think that Luther was on their side?

Answer 29

His stress on sola scripture and burning of canon law books looked like he was supporting godly law and the bible says all men are equal. And also Luther's story of priests in the desert meant he was misinterpreted as meaning socially equal rather than spiritually. His harsh tone against the pope and princes also made it seem like they were carrying out his wishes. His portrayal as a holy man/prophet in the 1519 woodcuts made it seem like he was fulfilling the prophecy of a holy man that would come to support the peasants of Germany.

Question 30

What was Luther's reaction to the Peasant's revolt?

Answer 30

He was sympathetic at first and tried to appeal for calm but became horrified by the violence and misinterpretation of his ideas. April 1525, toured a part of Germany preaching to peasants and trying to pacify them. He was shocked by the hostility he was received with and the way the peasants addressed him as if he were an equal. So wrote his pamphlet in May 1525, 'against the robbing and murdering hordes of peasants'.

Question 31

What did Luther's pamphlet 'against the robbing and murdering hordes of peasants' say and when was it written?

Answer 31

May 1525, It told the Princes to 'stab, smite and slay the peasants' and that peasants should be executed without a trial. God was on their side.

Question 32

How did Germany crush the peasant's revolt?

Answer 32

Princes were lead by men like Phillip of Hesse and used forces like the Swabian league to defeat them. 100,000 peasants were executed out of hand. This remove all potential leaders and frightened peasants into submission.

Question 33

When did Luther start translating the bible into German?

Answer 33

1522, after the edict of Worms and during his time at Warburg castle.

Question 34

Which part of the bible did Luther start translating first?

Answer 34

The New Testament

Question 35

who illustrated Luther's New Testament?

Answer 35

Lucas Cranarch

Question 36

What name was the German New Testament published under?

Answer 36

The 'September Testament'

Question 37

How many copies of the the German New Testament did the Wittenberg press publish between 1534-60?

Answer 37

100,000

Question 38

When did Luther make his first hymn?

Answer 38

1524

Question 39

How would Luther make his hymns?

Answer 39

he would use the tunes of popular folk songs and replace the bawdy lyrics with a christian message

Question 40

When did Luther write the Deutsche Mass?

Answer 40

1526

Question 41

What was the German Mass about?

Answer 41

It moved the Eucharist to the second part of the service and put emphasis on preaching. It cemented the idea of consubstantiation. It was very conservative and allowed for unimportant Catholic 'details' to remain.

Question 42

When did Luther Write his Small Catechism and Great Catechism?

Answer 42

1528-29

Question 42

What were these Catechisms in response to?

Answer 42

Luther's response to his singular inspection of a German church and the ignorance of everybody there.

Question 43

What was the small catechism?

Answer 43

It was for the clergy to teach peasants or men to teach their households. It instructed people on: - The Lord's Prayer - The Creed - The 10 Commandments - The 3 Sacraments

Question 44

What was the great Catechism?

Answer 44

This was a summary of Luther's teachings for adults but mainly the Clergy to remind them of what they stood for as Lutherans.

Question 44

5 reasons why Luther's influence on the reformation declined?

Answer 44

- Diet of Worms edict meant he couldn't travel outside of Wittenberg and therefore attend many important meetings - His stance on the peasant's revolt had made him unpopular - He had divided his supporters and alienated himself due to inflexibility on his theology - Stopped writing as much post 1520s and focused on perfecting his bible translations - The Princes had officially began to start leading the reformation.

Question 45

Who was Phillip of Melanchthon?

Answer 45

Phillip Melanchthon, a key ally of Martin Luther, was instrumental in spreading Lutheranism through his diplomatic skills and intellectual contributions. He helped draft significant texts like the Augsburg Confession and Loci Communes, aiming to reconcile differences with the Catholic Church. Melanchthon's efforts in diplomacy and theology helped solidify Lutheranism's foundations.

Question 46

When did Phillip of Melanchthon first meet Luther?

Answer 46

1518, when he became a professor of Greek at Wittenberg University.

Question 46

When and what was the Augsburg confession?

Answer 46

1530, it was a moderate statement of belief Melanchthon drafted for a meeting with Charles V to hopefully reconcile with the Catholic Church and distill the tension between them. There were still fundamental disagreements however on things like the Eucharist, purgatory and worship of the saints.

Question 46

When and what were the Loci Communes?

Answer 46

1521, It was the summarised and succinct statement of Lutheran belief meant to refute Carlstadt and the Zwickau prophets. Luther was not around so Phillip Melanchthon made the executive decision to remove penance.

Question 47

What was the impact of Augsburg confession?

Answer 47

It increased the popularity of Lutheranism and some cities even adopted this as their statement of belief.

Question 48

Who was John Bugenhagen?

Answer 48

John Bugenhagen, a key figure in the Lutheran Reformation, helped organise the Lutheran Church structure in Wittenberg. He became pastor in 1523 and developed the Saxon Model, which removed Cardinals and archbishops. Bugenhagen played a crucial role in defending Lutheranism, especially as Luther became less publicly active.

Question 49

When did Bugenhagen create the Saxon Model?

Answer 49

1528

Question 49

What was the Saxon model?

Answer 49

- A conservative Lutheran Church structure organised by John Bugenhagen, Key Characteristics: -No Cardinals or Archbishops -Each ruler managed their own territory -Each council controlled its own city -Lay authorities played an essential role in establishing and maintaining the church

Question 50

What was the impact of the Saxon Model?

Answer 50

It was copied wherever Lutheranism was established and local modifications were made as needed. It became the standard church structure in Saxony in 1539 and the superintendent of the Lutheran Church oversaw it all.

Question 51

Who was Phillip of Hesse?

Answer 51

He was a major Prince who played a crucial role in the development of the Lutheran movement who converted in 1526.

Question 51

What was the league of Torgau?

Answer 51

1526, it was a military alliance against the threat of the catholic empire for other northern and eastern Lutheran princes to join. It failed however, because it lacked military power.

Question 52

What was Phillip of Hesse's role in the Diet of Speyer 1529?

Answer 52

He lobbied for Lutherans and the Zwinglians to meet and hopefully unite.

Question 53

What was Phillip of Hesse's role in the Diet of Speyer 1526?

Answer 53

He protected the Protestant cause making it possible for Protestant preachers to step forward and convey their views.

Question 54

What and when was the Marburg colloquy?

Answer 54

1529, it was a conversation between Luther and the Zwinglians and also the last time Luther left Wittenberg. Luther showed up and refused to bend on the matter of consubstantiation and had a massive blowout.

Question 55

What was the Schmalkaldic league?

Answer 55

1531, it was the first successful military and political alliance of Lutheran Princes formed by Phillip of Hesse, John the Steadfast and Georg Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach. It allowed for great progress to made in Lutheranism.