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History India > Theme 4 1942-1948 > Flashcards

Theme 4 1942-1948 Flashcards

1
Q

What did deal was signed in 1941 that set out that all nations had a right to self determination and who was it signed by?

A

Atlantic charter signed by both Winston Churchill and Roosevelt.

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2
Q

How did Winston Churchill view the Atlantic charter in regards to the British Empire and how did Labour view it??

A

Churchill believed that it did not apply to any nations within the British Empire, whilst secretary of state for India Leo Amery and the leader of the Labour party Clement Atlee supported self determination for India.

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3
Q

When was the Simla conference held?

A

25th June 1945

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4
Q

What did Churchill’s interim government and Wavell offer at the Simla conference?

A

Balanced representation for different communities and included equal representation for Hindu’s and Muslim’s

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5
Q

What problem arose between the Muslim League and the INC at the Simla conference?

A

The Muslim league wanted all Muslim members on the executive council to be nominated by the Muslim League, however the INC believed that they should get a say in the name of inclusivity.

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6
Q

On what day did Wavell adjourn the Simla conference and why?

A

On the 14th July Wavell adjourned the conference as he couldn’t break the deadlock between Jinnah and the INC.

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7
Q

On what date did the Conservative party lose the general election?

A

26th July 1945

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8
Q

What where the results of the 1945 general election?

A

Labour won 393 seats with 12 million votes, Conservatives won 197 seats with 8.7 million votes

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9
Q

Why was a Labour victory extremely beneficial to the INC?

A

Labour were very much pro Indian independence and Attlee immediately set up an Indian commission. However a number of INC members had close connections with Labour party members e.g. Nehru and Cripps

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10
Q

What was the first decision that the India commission made?

A

That elections should be held in India to allow the people to choose their own representatives in an Indian constituent assembly.

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11
Q

What did the Indian commission unannounced fact finding group set out to do?

A

They wanted to gauge the support for an Independent Pakistan, Wavell also established a small party to make preparations just in case.

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12
Q

What was the backdrop of the Constituent Assembly General Election?

A

Disorder, violence, mayhem - caused by draught and famine, mutiny and demobilisation of soldiers (leading to unemployment), and trials of captured INA soldiers.

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13
Q

How many seats were contested in the 1946 election?

A

1585 seats were up for grabs.

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14
Q

How many seats did the INC and Muslim League win and what percentage of the vote did they get?

A

INC won 923 seats (58.23% of the vote)
Muslim League won 425 seats (26.81% of the vote)

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15
Q

What was the 3 man cabinet mission instructed to do?

A

They wanted to do everything possible to maintain a United India, one that could play role in Britain’s Asian security plan, but did rule out the possibility of separate Muslim dominated states in India.

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16
Q

When was the second Simla conference held?

A

It was held in early May 1946.

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17
Q

What was proposed by the cabinet mission at the second Simla conference?

A

It suggested an all Indian Union with a Hindu Heartland peppered with Muslim dominated states.
With a fall back proposition of creating two separate states Hindustan and Pakistan.

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18
Q

The second Simla conference led to the May statement how did Indian Nationalists react?

A

The INC rejected the May Statement whilst Jinnah accepted it.

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19
Q

Who did Gandhi send to represent the INC at the Second Simla conference?

A

Gandhi had delegated INC representation to its Muslim leader Abul Azad, Jinnah saw this a cunning device.

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20
Q

Where was Abul Azad housed and where was Jinnah housed at the second Simla conference?

A

Abul Azad was housed as the viceroys guest whilst Jinnah had to stay in a local hotel and get rickshaw every day.

21
Q

How did the princes react to the lack of consultation from the British at the Second Simla conference?

A

The princes were long seen as vassals of the British however as they became ignored they began to assert themselves more.

22
Q

Why did a disagreement break out between the INC and the Muslim League over the interim government?

A

The INC believed that it should select all the members as on paper they represented all Indians however Jinnah demanded that the Muslim League be allowed to select the Muslim members

23
Q

How did the British Respond to the interim government disagreement?

A

They intervened and selected the council members themselves.

24
Q

How did Jinnah respond to the British intervening in the Interim government?

A

After the INC agreed to the proposals of the May statement Jinnah came to the conclusion that the INC and the British were cooperating with each other.

25
Q

On what day did Jinnah order the Day of Direct action to occur?

A

16th August 1946

26
Q

What did Jinnah order the police of Calcutta to do on the day of direct action?

A

He ordered them to take a holiday.

27
Q

How long did the Day of direct action last, how many died, how many were wounded and what did it become known as?

A

The Day of direct action ended up lasting over a week with over 7500 people dying and 20000 being wounded as fights broke out between Hindu’s and Muslim’s this became known as the Calcutta killings.

28
Q

On what date was the Interim Government formed?

A

2nd April 1946

29
Q

Who was made prime minister of the Interim government ?

A

Nehru was made Prime minister of India although the Viceroy still retained control.

30
Q

Jinnah was convinced by Nehru to join the Interim government but what did he refuse to join and why?

A

He refused to join the Executive council due to the fact that Nehru was on it.

31
Q

What happened on the 31st of January 1947?

A

Clement had Wavell replaced by Mountbatten who was given the task of transferring power by no later than the 30th June 1948.

32
Q

What brief did Clement Attlee give Mountbatten?

A

He was told to avoid partition at all costs however if the INC and ML refused to cooperate then Britain would devolve power to the provinces and withdraw.

33
Q

How did Mountbatten attempt to charm the INC and ML?

A

He spoke to Gandhi, Nehru and other INC leaders however Jinnah believed that he was pro congress and therefore refused to cooperate.

34
Q

What was the first British plan for partition called and what did it do?

A

It was named plan Balkan and would essentially allow Princely states and British provinces to decide upon their own future.

35
Q

How did Nehru react to Plan Balkan?

A

He stated that the INC would reject the offer as it would lead to total anarchy (Simla moment)

36
Q

What plan was then adopted after the failure of plan Balkan and who developed it?

A

The plan was developed by V. P. Menon in which India would be separated from Pakistan therefore creating two separate states.

37
Q

A boundary commission was created, what was the composition of the commission and who lead it?

A

It comprised of an equal number of Hindu’s and Muslim’s and was headed by the legal expert Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

38
Q

How long was the boundary commission given and what did it have to work from?

A

It had 5 weeks to complete the plans for partition using out of date maps and charts as well as unconfirmed tales of land ownership.

39
Q

How were East and West Pakistan formed?

A

They were formed by the division of Punjab and Bengal as well as other neighbouring provinces.

40
Q

What did the border between India and Pakistan become known as?

A

The Radcliffe line.

41
Q

How many people were killed and displaced in partition?

A

1 million people died and 15 million were displaced in partition as Hindus and Sikhs moved out of Pakistan and Muslims moved out of India.

42
Q

How did Mountbatten convince the Princes to agree to the transfer of power?

A

He utilised his royal connections to get them to agree to the transfer.

43
Q

How were Raj assets divided between India and Pakistan?

A

India received 82.5% of assets and Pakistan received 17.5%

44
Q

What did Gandhi do after partition in regards to politics?

A

He retreated from politics and left governance to the interim government.

45
Q

What were the controversies surrounding the Junagadh princely state?

A

The state was led by a Muslim ruler however 80% of the states population were Hindu, the ruler Muhammad Mahabat Khanji wanted to join Pakistan. The government offered to hand over control after the Indian army entered the region.

46
Q

What were the controversies surrounding Hyderabad state?

A

The state was nominally independent and had agreed to a number of terms with India however opposed the presence of Indian soldiers there. India later invaded in operation Polo.

47
Q

On what date did Jinnah die?

A

11 September 1948

48
Q

On what date was Gandhi assassinated by a fanatical Hindu?

A

30th January 1948

History India (4 decks)

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