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Biol 371 > Theme 5 > Flashcards

Theme 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 plant hormones

A

Cytokinin
Auxin
Gibberellins
Ethylene
Jasmonate
ABA
Brassinosteroids

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2
Q

what is the function of cytokinin?

A

facilitates plant growth and hinders plant aging

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3
Q

what does Auxin do?

A

Auxin causes cell elongation in response to light.
it will accumulate on the opposite side of a plant which light is hitting and induce the breaking of bridges between cellulose microfibrils.

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4
Q

how does auxin cause cell elongation?

A

the accumulation of auxin in a plant cell causes for the active pumping of H+ ions into the cell wall. This process actives expansion, a protein that will cut the cross bridges between cellulose microfibrils, allowing the cell wall to expand and allow the plant to bend towards the light.

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5
Q

what kind of light does Auxin respond to?

A

blue light

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6
Q

what is phototropism

A

the growth response of a plant to light stimuli

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7
Q

where is auxin generated?

A

the apical meristem of the plant

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8
Q

what does gibberellin do?

A

directs plant growth. this pertains to the germination or elongation of a plant (bolting). also enhances the growth of fruit and flowers

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9
Q

what was the outcomes of the potato blight disease?

A

the Irish potato famine
-killed 1 million
-caused 2 million people to move away from Ireland

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10
Q

what is a hypersensitive plant response?

A

the immune response of a plant, where uninfected cells will undergo rapid cell death to contain the disease (prevent spreading).

-stomata of the plant/ leave close
-selective areas of the xylem are plugged to prevent transmission around the plant
-antimicrobial compounds are produced

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11
Q

what is systemic acquired resistance?

A

the infection of a single partition of a plant (hypersensitive) , which allows for the development of immunity for the rest of the plant. the infected region will send a signal/ antibody out to the rest of the plant to become immune.

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12
Q

what are Insect Allies? What does the achieve?

A

Insect Allies is a gene therapy method used on crops to increase resistance to pests and diseases. A crop population that shares the same air with neighboring species will be infected. When infected, this crop will release volatiles into the air which will act as a signal for its neighbors to increase tannin production to reduce the infection rate.

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13
Q

what is a perfect flower

A

a structure that contains both a stamen and an carpel (both reproductive systems)

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14
Q

how are flowers fertilized?

A

when a compatible (commonly cross) pollen molecule combines with a carpel.

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15
Q

what is double fertilization?

A

a characteristic of angiosperms, where both sperms in the pollen are used. this first sperm fused with the ovule to make an embryo. the second fused with the polar nuclei to generate a tripod endosperm tissue layer

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16
Q

why is self-fertilization by plants selected against?

A

if a similar or idential pollen allele falls on the carpel, no fertilization will occur. This is because of the similarity between the alleles. This is to avoid a reduction is genetic diversity in the species

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17
Q

what is ethylene and what does it do?

A

a gaseous hormone.
regulates senescence (slow growth)

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18
Q

what are brassinosteroids? what do they do?

A

regulation of plant growth, where is promotes the timed acceleration is cell division

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19
Q

what is ABA? what does it do?

A

ABA suppresses growth and plays an important function in stomatal closing

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20
Q

what are Jasmonates? what do they do?

A

a hormone that regulates growth and has the ability to enhance a plant’s defense by increasing the bitter compounds in its tissues.

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21
Q

what are the 4 types of asexual reproduction

A

fission
budding
fragmentation
parthenogenesis (note this involves both the female a sexual reproduction and the production of haploid males)

22
Q

what are the pros to reproducing asexually?

A

reduced E required
good for stable environments
rapid reporduction

23
Q

what is gametogenesis, and what are the 2 types?

A

the formation of gametes

oogenisis and spermatogenisis

24
Q

dioecious

A

this means 2 houses. that means 2 different sexs are found in 2 separate bodies

25
Q

monoecious

A

aka hermaphrodites
when 2 sexes are found in 1 body

they hold the ability to self fertilize

26
Q

pros and cons of sexual reproduction

A

con: slower and needs more E

pro: inc diversity
more complex

27
Q

hypertonic

A

when the cells have a lower concentration of solute compared to its surroundings. water will leave

28
Q

hypotonic

A

when cells have a high concentration of solute compared to their surroundings. water will enter

29
Q

what happens to an egg once fertilized.

A

undergo rapid or slow block

30
Q

fast block

A

post-fertilization the embryo will depolarize its membrane to prevent being penetrated by other sperm. this happened within seconds of fertilization via the opening of ion channels

31
Q

slow block

A

post-fertilization the embryo will release this causes the formation of cortile granules of stored Ca2+. this changes the properties of the membrane and prevents any further penetration of fission between the sperm and the egg.

32
Q

what is the acrosome

A

specialized secretion vessel on the head of a sperm which assists in the penetration of the egg.

33
Q

what are the challenges of mating externally?

A

timing. for broadcast spawning organisms they must release their gametes at a specific time in order to match the releases time of the others of their kind

34
Q

what are the challenges of internal mating?

A

finding the mate. in many cases, males must expend energy to win the female.

35
Q

what are the three different embryos that result from internal fertilization

A

oviparous
viviparous
ovoviviparous

36
Q

oviparous embryos

A

where the embryo developens in an egg with a hard shell.
they have all the nutrients required for embryo growth
these eggs have yolks .

37
Q

viviparous embryos

A

these embryos are common in mammals.
the embryo is connected to the mother via a placenta and all nutrients are derived from the mother.

38
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

a shelled egg formed in the mother’s body. The embryo develops through the presence of a yolk. the egg will hatch in the body and then releases from the mother.

39
Q

what is the amnion?

A

the thin sac that contains the embryo and amniotic fluid.

40
Q

what is the basic ontogeny progression?

A

fertilization> embryo> cleavage (mitotic divisions/ morula -> blastula)> gastrulation > organogenesis> growth

41
Q

direct vs indirect development

A

direct: where the offspring resemble the parents
indirect: where the offspring go through multiple developmental stages and body plans to avoid competition with the adults.

42
Q

what are the components of the morula

A

the animal pole and the vegetal pole.
the animal pole commonly has smaller cells and will form the animal itself
the vegetal pole tends to have larger cells and this will either form the yolk and/or it will form the internal structures of the organism.

43
Q

what is meant by the formation of the polarity of an embryo/ morula

A

the formation of an animal pole and a vegetal pole

44
Q

what is the morula and how does it becomes a blastula

A

the morula is a solid ball of cells and will undergo cell divisions to hollow out and generate a blastocoel

45
Q

what are the 6 mechanisms that are involved in gastrulation?

A

mitosis
cell movement
cell adhesion (selective)
induction
determination (when the role of a cell is defined/ assigned to a specific tissue)
differentiation ( when cells specialized into their tissues(

46
Q

what will the ectoderm form?

A

skin and NS

47
Q

what will the mesoderm form?

A

skleteton and a mucles

48
Q

what will the endoderm form?

A

gut and internal organs

49
Q

gastrulation of sea urchins

A

1) few bottom cells (vegetal) from the blastula are induced by others to become flattened and break lose (migrate into the blastocoel and form mesoderm cells)
2)the flatted vegetal pole begins to invaginate, forming a small chunk of the endoderm. (initial formation of the anus (deuterostomes)
3) invagenation continues via migration of mesoderm and the archenteron forms (indues by the cells that broke lose)
4) mesoderm cells will adhere to the animal pole
5) formation of the mouth will form where the archenteron meets the ectoderm.

50
Q

gastrulation of frogs

A

1) cells from the animal pole migrate to the dorsal lip (cross-section of the animal and the yolk) and begin invagination (for endoderm cells)
2) mesoderm cells migrate inwards, displacing the blastocoel, and the animal pole cells expands around the entirety of the cell

3) the animal cells enclose around the vegetal cells, forming a yolk plug. the archenteron is formed (where the blastocoel used to be)

51
Q

gastrulation of frogs

A

1) cells from the animal pole migrate to the dorsal lip (cross-section of the animal and the yolk) and begin invagination (for endoderm cells)
2) mesoderm cells migrate inwards, displacing the blastocoel, and the animal pole cells expand around the entirety of the cell
-the inward movement of the mesoderm and endoderm cells causes the formation of the archenteron
3) the animal cells enclose around the vegetal cells, forming a yolk plug. the archenteron is formed (where the blastocoel used to be)

52
Q

What are the three defence mechanisms by plants?

A

Hypersensitive
Systemic acquired resistance
Insect allies

Biol 371 (4 decks)

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