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t&p > theme b- religion and life > Flashcards

theme b- religion and life Flashcards

1
Q

what is the place of humans in the world? (dominion)

A

“they may rule over”

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2
Q

how does God want us to act?

A

“be fruitful and increase in number”

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3
Q

what does the Pope believe about creation and faith?

A

creation and faith work within Catholic beliefs

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4
Q

what did the Pope say about the Big Bang?

A

“The Big Bang does not contradict the Divine act of creation, rather requires it”

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5
Q

what does the Pope believe about the Big Bang in regards to God’s power?

A

God is the Divine force bringing about the Big Bang

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6
Q

what is adaptation?

A

the process of change, becoming suited over time to an environment

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7
Q

what is evolution?

A

process by which organisms develop over time

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8
Q

what is Literal?

A

interpreting the Bible as the direct truth

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9
Q

what is a myth?

A

a religious parable- has a deeper meaning to it

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10
Q

what is liberal?

A

interpreting the Bible more metaphorically

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11
Q

what is a Creationist?

A

someone believing in God’s story of creation

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12
Q

what is instrumental value?

A

value as a means to further other ends

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13
Q

what is intrinsic value?

A

ends in themselves- regardless whether or not useful

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14
Q

what is dominion?

A

mankind has a God-given right to rule over the rest of creation, and use its resources for our benefit

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15
Q

what is stewardship?

A

mankind has a God-given responsibility to look after the rest of creation on behalf of God (who owns the world)

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16
Q

what is the Christian and Muslim Dominion approach towards the treatment of animals?

A

human life has a sanctity that animal life does not have
God has given humans the right to use animals for our own benefit
it is acceptable to use animals for food, labour and scientific experiments
provided that there is no unnecessary suffering/ cruelty

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17
Q

what is the Christian and Muslim stewardship approach towards the treatment of animals?

A

animals have value because they are part of God’s creation
humans have been given responsibility by God to care for animals
Christians and Muslims should actively try to prevent unnecessary suffering inflicted on animals
e.g. in farming, cosmetic industry and scientific research
some stewardship- centered Christians and Muslims would argue that inflicting pain on any living creature is not compatible with Christian teaching

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18
Q

what is the “Gaia” hypothesis?

A

the earth’s eco-system is a single self-organising organic entity
therefore, it should be respected intrinsically (not just because it’s useful for us)
the earth has an “immune” system which will retain the balance necessary to sustain life and prevent the eco-system from destroying itself

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19
Q

what were the Assisi Declarations?

A

leaders from 6 major world religions held a large conference
they all stressed their concern for the care of the environment and regarding the treatment and protection of animals

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20
Q

what was the Ohito Meeting?

A

religious leaders and environmental scientists met and they discussed that being in charge of creation does not allow abuse

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21
Q

what was the IFEES?

A

the Islamic approach to the environment
knowledge of good conservation practises

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22
Q

what was the purpose of these organisations?

A

to make religious people use their religion to help protect and conserve the environment

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23
Q

what do Christians believe about humans having power over other creatures?

A

humans are given power as they were given names in the Bible

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24
Q

what is the belief of people having free will?

A

God gave humans free will so that they can choose how they treat the world and can choose whether they listen to and obey God

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25
Q

what are religious views on the place in humanity in relation to animals?

A

humans are given power over all creatures by giving them names in the Bible

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26
Q

what do Christians think about animal testing?

A

support limited testing- only in medicine, provided no alternative and will benefit humans

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27
Q

what do Muslims think about animal testing?

A

animals are to be used for human benefit but should not be abused
factory farming is haram
an exception may be for medical research

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28
Q

what are some of the attributes something needs to have in order to be considered a person/

A

human genetic structure
emotions
sentience
viability
soul

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29
Q

what does sanctity of life mean?

A

life is special as it is a gift from God

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30
Q

what is conception?

A

when the egg is fertilised by the sperm

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31
Q

what is miracle of life?

A

life is special because it is difficult to start

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32
Q

which religious groups are pro-life?

A

Fundamentals
Evangelicals
Strict Muslims
Roman Catholics

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33
Q

which religious groups are moderate pro-life and moderate pro-choice?

A

most Church of England and some Liberal Christians
Conservative

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34
Q

which religious groups are pro-choice?

A

most Liberal Christians/Muslims
Liberal Quakers
most non-religious people

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35
Q

what would people believe about the quality of life?

A

life is not intrinsically sacred
the value of a life is dependent on the quality of that life

36
Q

what would people believe about the sanctity of life?

A

God is the creator of all life
life has a unique purpose
God has given humans responsibility to look after all other life on Earth
human life has special dignity as humans are created in the image of God

37
Q

when do Roman Catholics and Evangelicals believe life starts?

A

at conception as all the DNA is present to create a unique individual

38
Q

what do Roman Catholic and Evangelicals believe about abortion?

A

they believe in the sanctity of life- humans are made in the image of God
Catholic and Evangelical- abortion is wrong-should only happen if it is to save the woman’s life

39
Q

when do Church of England and most Protestant Christians believe life begins?

A

begins at fertilisation/ conception up to the foetus stage (anywhere in between)

40
Q

what does the Church of England believe about abortion?

A

its “gravely contrary to the moral law”

41
Q

what does the Church of England encourage people to do?

A

encourages people to think through the issue of abortion very carefully

42
Q

when do most Muslims believe that life begins?

A

some Muslims believe that the foetus receives its soul and life after 40 days, but others believe it is after 120 days of pregnancy

43
Q

what do most Muslims believe about abortion?

A

having an abortion after ensoulment is seen as taking a life

44
Q

when do pro-life people (Fundamentals/most Catholics) believe life starts?

A

at conception because all the DNA is present to create a unique individual

45
Q

what are the legal reasons for abortion?

A

life of pregnant woman is at risk
physical/mental health of pregnant woman is at risk
continuance of pregnancy would provide greater mental/physical health risk to the pregnant woman than terminating the pregnancy- family and/or existing children would suffer if pregnancy continues
substantial risk that the child would suffer significant physical/mental handicap if they were born

46
Q

what is the definition of euthanasia?

A

the act of putting someone painlessly to death because they have an incurable illness

47
Q

what is involuntary euthanasia?

A

euthanasia in situations where the person cannot make the decision for themselves- such as a person on a life-support machine

48
Q

what is voluntary euthanasia?

A

situation in which a person can make the decision to end their life but is not physically capable of doing so without the help of someone else

49
Q

what is assisted suicide?

A

providing a person with the means to commit suicide

50
Q

what is a hospice?

A

a nursing home for patients in the later stage of terminal illness

51
Q

what is the 1961 suicide act?

A

the law relating to suicide and euthanasia

52
Q

what is active euthanasia?

A

when someone does something to actively end a life that would have otherwise continues (e.g. lethal injection)

53
Q

what is passive euthanasia?

A

when someone will die unless they have a certain treatment and that treatment is denied/withdrawn (e.g. life support machine)

54
Q

what is non-voluntary euthanasia?

A

when the patient is unable to make the choice to die, so the choice is made on their behalf either because the patient is unconscious e.g. in a coma or PVS or because the patient is not mentally able to understand the issues and make the decisions e.g. young child, mentally disabled patient

55
Q

why do most Christians argue against euthanasia?

A

it destroys the sanctity of life
inversion of the natural order- only God can make life and take life
open to abuse and suffering

56
Q

why do some Christians support euthanasia?

A

it is unfair and cruel to keep someone suffering- does not follow God’s path- God is kind and compassionate

57
Q

why do most Muslims argue against euthanasia?

A

the Quran says that Allah created all life and everything belongs to him
“no one can die except by Allah’s leave, that is a decree with a fixed term”

58
Q

why would very few Muslims support euthanasia?

A

around the idea of compassion and kindness

59
Q

what does the Bible say about suicide?

A

does not say anything explicit against suicide but those who take their own life are usually viewed in a negative light- the Ten Commandments- “Thou shall not kill”

60
Q

what is the Golden Rule in Christianity?

A

the idea of treating others how you would like to be treated
suicide/euthanasia is a selfish act- does not show love for others

61
Q

what can help people with the problems that lead to wanting to commit suicide/be euthanised?

A

hospices and social care charities

62
Q

what are some Christian responses to suicide being permitted?

A

the Doctrine of Double Effect
sanctity of life- God has given us reason to understand the world for ourselves
Natural Law- letting nature take its own course- if we intervene too much then we are not allowing natural law to occur- there is a time to be born and a time to die
free will- we should be allowed to make our own choices about our lives
Natural Law- dont keep someone alive unessecarilly

63
Q

what did the Prophet Muhammad say about suicides?

A

suicides would go to Hell

64
Q

what do Christians believe about death?

A

it is not the end- God judges whether a person will spend eternity in Heaven or Hell

65
Q

what do the Catholic Church believe in regarding death?

A

purgatory

66
Q

why do the Catholic Church believe in purgatory?

A

so that the souls can be purified to be holy and pure before they meet God

67
Q

what do Muslims believe about death?

A

it is a test/trial before the new realm of existence
how the current life is lived determines what happens in the afterlife

68
Q

do Muslims believe death is final?

A

no

69
Q

what is the state of waiting until the Day of Judgement called in Islam?

A

Barzakh

70
Q

what do Muslims believe about the soul?

A

the soul does not die- new physical existence after this life- ends in either Heaven or Hell

71
Q

what is Akhirah?

A

life after death

72
Q

what happens when a Muslim person dies?

A

their soul is taken by Azra’il- the angel of death
God sends 2 angels to question the waiting soul
if the questions are answered correctly, the good soul sleeps during Barzakh
if the questions are not answered correctly, the soul is tormented by angels, known as punishment of the grave

73
Q

what is Jannah?

A

the heavenly paradise and final resting place of righteous people

74
Q

how do Muslims believe they get to Paradise?

A

living religiously, asking Allah for forgiveness and showing good actions in their lives

75
Q

how many levels of Heaven do Muslims believe there are?

A

7- each Heaven is made of a different material and a different prophet lives there

76
Q

what is the first Heaven like?

A

made out of silver and Adam and Eve live here

77
Q

what is the 7th Heaven like?

A

a place made out of divine light and Abraham lives here

78
Q

what is Jahannam?

A

the place where sinners, unbelievers and evil people are punished in their afterlife

79
Q

what is the Day of Judgement called in Islam?

A

Yawm ad-Din

80
Q

which prophet blows a trumpet when the world ends?

A

Israfil

81
Q

what happens when Israfil blows the trumpet?

A

there will be a resurrection
all the dead bodies will be raised and will gather on the plain of Arafat for the final judgement

82
Q

what is Arafat?

A

a plain a few km from Makkah with a hill at its centre known as the Mount of Mercy- the place where the prophet Muhammad delivered his Farewell Sermon

83
Q

in Islam what is the book of deeds?

A

the record of each person’s good and bad deeds that they must explain to Allah on Judgement Day

84
Q

who in Islam will go to Heaven?

A

those who are handed their deeds in their right hand

85
Q

who in Islam will go to Hell?

A

those who are handed their deeds in their left hand

86
Q

what is Al-Qadr? (predestination)

A

Islamic belief that God knows everything that will ever happen in the universe

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