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Religious Studies > THEME D - Religion, peace and conflict > Flashcards

THEME D - Religion, peace and conflict Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of the word ‘Islam’?

A

Peace and submission to God

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2
Q

What must war follow the conditions of in Christianity?

A

Just War Theory - as war is sometimes necessary to establish war and peace.

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3
Q

When are Muslims allowed to go to war?

A

Self-defence or the defence of Islam

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4
Q

What is Justice?
Is it viral?

A

This means fairness; solving unjust situation around the world. Some people think it is vital to fight injustice in other countries.

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5
Q

Give a Qur’an quote on justice:

A

“Do not let your hatred of others lead you away from justice”

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5
Q

Give a Bible quote about justice:

A

“Let justice roll on like a river”

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5
Q

Give a fact about justice in the Qur’an

A

Isaiah (prophet) said that God will establish Justice. One of Allah’s 99 names = Just

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6
Q

Are Christians taught to forgive?

A

Christians are taught to forgive (Lord’s Prayer). This does not mean that no action should be taken rather that after the conflict actions to establish peace should take place.

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7
Q

Give a Bible quote about forgiveness:

A

“Forgive not seven times but seventy seven”

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8
Q

Give a Qur’an quote about forgiveness:

A

“..ask forgiveness of God”

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9
Q

What is reconciliation?

A

This means to rebuild a relationship which has been damaged by conflict.

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10
Q

Give an example of reconciliation in Christianity:

A

An example of this would be the Corrymeela community after the conflict in Ireland.

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11
Q

Give a Bible quote about reconciliation:

A

“love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you”

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12
Q

Give a Qur’an quote about reconciliation:

A

‘Something that is better than fasting, prayer and charity, it is reconciling between two people”

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13
Q

Give 3 ways that religious believers may try to work for peace and reconciliation:

A

-> Work for organisations such as “Anglican Pacifist Fellowship” or the “Muslim Peace Fellowship”.
-> Follow the example of Jesus who was not violent.
-> Protest or campaign peacefully against injustices – like MLK.
-> Promote peace / Write to MPs / Work for the United Nations
-> Reconciliation – to restore a relationship between two conflicting parties or countries

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14
Q

Community of the Cross of Nails - an organisation working for Peace and Reconciliation

A

After the bombing of WWII local Christians showed forgiveness to those responsible and the cathedral became a world centre for peace. The cathedral now allows the Cross of Nails to work there – an international network committed to peace, justice and reconciliation.

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15
Q

The Corrymeela Community - an organisation working for Peace and Reconciliation

A

Brings together people from different backgrounds in Northern Ireland. Builds trust and explores ways of
moving away from violence after “the troubles”
* Works with families needing help in difficult times
* Works with schools to encourage positive citizenship

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16
Q

Why might violence be used? Give 3

A

Retaliation (revenge)
Defence
Protest

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17
Q

How might violence cause harm? Give 2

A

Violence can cause harm to people and also cost money as damage to
buildings etc (London Riots)

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18
Q

Give two contrasting Christian beliefs about violence: Two contrasting quotes

A

-> Some Christians may believe in the idea of “An eye for an eye”
-> Other Christians believe that Jesus was a pacifist and to “Turn the other cheek”

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19
Q

Give two contrasting Muslim beliefs about violence:

A

-> Muslims may believe in violence as part of lesser jihad
-> Muslims believe that violence should be avoided where possible

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20
Q

Give a Bible quote on violence:

A

“Do not repay anyone evil for evil… live at peace with everyone”

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21
Q

Is protest legal in the UK?

A

The right to protest is an important law in the UK. People are allowed to protest as long as they do not use violence to demonstrate their ideas.
No religion promotes violence.

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22
Q

Give a Christian belief about protest: MLK

A

Christians believe in the right to protest but not to use violence. In the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King (MLK) encouraged people to speak out against injustice BUT he discouraged any violence in order to do so.

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23
Q

Give a Christian quote on violence and protest:

A

“Do not repay anyone evil for evil… live at peace with everyone”

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24
Q

Give an Islam quote on violence and protest:

A

“Do not kill each other for God is merciful to you, if anyone does, we shall make him suffer Fire”

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25
Q

What is terrorism?

A

Terrorism is the use of violence – often the killing of innocent people – to make a political or extremist statement. It’s aim is to cause terror and fear.

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26
Q

Give 3 examples of terrorism which have led to Islamophobia:

A
  • Examples of this include 9/11
  • Paris Attacks
  • Manchester Ariana Grande
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27
Q

How does terrorism go against the very basic teachings of Christianity?

A

In Christianity, you should respect all life as a gift from God. This is called the sanctity of life. Only God has the right to take life away.

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28
Q

How does terrorism go against the very basic teachings of Islam?

A

In Islam, life is given by Allah, the religion does not allow the murdering of innocent lives. It break the most important idea of respecting sacred human life.

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29
Q

Give 2 Christian quotes against terrorism:

A

“Thou shall not kill” - Ten Commandments
“Love thy neighbour” Teaching of Jesus

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30
Q

How are wars fought over greed?

A

Some wars have been fought over
land, resources or power.

31
Q

How are wars fought over retaliation?

A

Some wars are fought in revenge for a certain act: eg. Terrorism

32
Q

How are wars fought over self defence?

A

Most people agree with the idea of
going to war in self defence, with the
acceptation of pacifists (people who
disagree with all violence)

33
Q

Christianity - reasons for war - GREED

A

Christianity teaches that greed is
not an acceptable reason for the
loss of human life.
“The love of money is the root of
all evil” Bible

34
Q

Christianity - reasons for war - RETALIATION

A

Christianity teaches that a war may be fought as a last resort and if there are no other means of solving the situation. In the Just war theory, it states that you must have a “Just Cause” for going to war.
“Do not repay anyone evil for evil” The Bible
“turn the other cheek”

35
Q

Christianity - reasons for war - SELF DEFENCE

A

Christians believe that a good reason
to go to war is self-defence. This
links with the Just Cause idea.
“Defend the weak” The Bible

36
Q

Islam - reasons for war - GREED

A

Islam teaches that greed is caused
by selfishness. Muslims are only
allowed to go to war in self-defence or the defence of Islam.
“Those who control their greed
will have everlasting happiness”
Qur’an

37
Q

Islam - reasons for war - RETALIATION

A

Muslims believe that they can go to war in defence of Islam. So they may agree with the idea of going to war in retribution – if Muslims were attacked or a sacred place destroyed.
“There is cause to act against those who oppress people” Qur’an

38
Q

Islam - reasons for war - SELF-DEFENCE

A

Muslims believe that they can go to
war in self defence or defence of
Islam.
“Those who have been attacked are
permitted to take up arms” Qur’an

39
Q

Give a historical example of War for greed:

A

War over oil is a good example of
greed – Gulf War

40
Q

Give a historical example of War for retaliation:

A

War over Terrorism – Response to 9/11 caused the Afghanistan war

41
Q

Give a historical example of War for self-defence:

A

War in self-defence – World War II

42
Q

Are Christians and Muslims against Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)?

A

Yes. They are discriminatory and kill innocent people.
HOWEVER, they can be owned as a deterrent.
Christianity - goes against the Just War Theory. War should be fought by ‘Just means and be in proportion to what is necessary’

43
Q

Give a quote from the Qur’an about WMD

A

“Do not contribute to your own
destruction, but do good” - Qur’an

44
Q

What are biological weapons?

A

These are weapons that are released as viruses or bacteria eg. small pox or anthrax.
They can kill a mass number of people and endanger the environment and the wildlife.
These weapons were banned by the Geneva Convention and have not been used in recent.

45
Q

What are chemical weapons?

A

These are weapons that when deployed have a chemical that can cause choking or burning of the skin.
These are also banned but there is evidence they have been used in Syria over the last few years.
They attack large numbers of people.

46
Q

What are nuclear weapons?

A

These weapons are indiscriminate – they kill innocent civilians along with military forces.
They were used in WWII by American forces on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulting in the death of over one hundred thousand of people.

47
Q

Give 3 arguments FOR WMD:

A

1) War is ended quickly and without the invasion of a country
2) Nuclear Weapons can be kept as a deterrence - to stop other countries attacking because you are more powerful.
3) There is a difference between owning weapons for a deterrent rather than using them.

48
Q

Give 3 arguments AGAINST WMD:

A

1) Huge loss of innocent civilians – weapons kill everyone in the surrounding area, not just military targets.
2) Goes against the Sanctity of Life and the Commandment “Thou Shall Not Kill”
3) Unstable governments or terrorists could use the WMD without proper reasons or authority.
4) Goes against the Just War Theory of Christianity.

49
Q

The Just War Theory is accepted rules or conditions for a war
to be justified by Christianity.
Give 4 conditions

A

A JUST CAUSE is needed to justify war – Self Defence is a good example of this
DECLARED BY PROPER AUTHORITY – The war must be started by the Prime
Minister
**JUST INTENTION **– You must go to war for Good not for Evil
LAST RESORT – Peace talks must have taken place to try and solve the conflict
before resorting to war
REASONABLE CHANCE OF SUCCESS – people should not be sent to certain death,
there must be a chance of winning the war
PROPORTIONAL – Excessive force and innocent people should be protected – Only
military targets not hospitals / schools therefore NO WMD!!!

50
Q

Define Greater Jihad

A

The fight against inner evil and temptation to sin.

51
Q

Define Lesser Jihad

A

The outward struggle against other
people – HOLY WAR

52
Q

3 Muslim beliefs about lesser Jihad:

A

-> Just Cause – not started for gain or profit.
-> Self-defence – attacking is not allowed.
-> Protection – allowed to protect other Muslims.
-> No crops or trees to be damaged.
-> Last resort – all other options have failed.
-> A religious leader has made the decision
-> No women, Children or elderly to be killed.

53
Q

Give one Qur’an quote about Holy War in Islam:

A

“Those who die in the name of Allah will be rewarded with paradise” - Qur’an
“God does not love those who overstep the limits” - Qur’an

54
Q

Holy War and Religious Conflict

A

A war that is fought for God or Religion – the best example is the crusades, where Christians believed it was their duty to convert all other
people to their religion.

A Holy War Must:
* Must be authorised by a religious leader
* Fought to defend faith – right to worship
* Spiritual rewards – will go to heaven

Most Christians today do NOT believe that a Holy War to convert people is acceptable and the idea
of tolerance and respect comes from the teachings of Jesus.

55
Q

Holy War and Religious Conflict

A
  • Northern Ireland – Catholic and protestant / IRA
  • Terrorism – Al Qaeda
  • Syrian War – ISIS
  • Gaza – Israel conflict

Christians believe that violence and anger are wrong. They refer to the teachings of Jesus and his example as a person of peace. Basic Ideas of
“Love your neighbour” and Sanctity of life.

In Islam a Holy War must also meet the criteria of a Just War.
It can not be used to convert people to Islam
“God does not love those who overstep the limits”

56
Q

Give a Christian quote on pacifism

A

“Blessed are the Peacemakers”
Teaching of Jesus

57
Q

Pacifism in Christianity

A

Some Christians believe that there is never a situation where you should
take life.
Quakers are an example of this – they follow the commandment “Thou Shall not Kill” and the principle of the Sanctity of life – only God should take life away.

58
Q

Pacifism in Islam

A

Very few Muslims are pacifists as the Qur’an tells them they can fight.
However Muslim teaching is clear that Peace is better than Violence and Allah is the “Giver of Peace” (One of the 99 names)

59
Q

Conscientious objectors during WWII did what? Give an example

A

Conscientious objectors during WWII took on roles with first aid qualities – so they could save life rather than take it.
Desmond Doss is an example of this.

60
Q

Anglican Pacifist Fellowship does what?

A

This group tries to raise awareness
of the damage of conflict around the
world. They promote the idea of peace and reconciliation.

61
Q

Muslim Peace Fellowship does what?

A

Works against injustice and for peace. Affirms that peace is better
than conflict. Has public conferences
and develops non-violent strategies.

62
Q

Pacifism quote for Christianity:

A

“Put your sword away, those who live by the sword die by the sword”
Teaching of Jesus

63
Q

A person who has worked for peace in Christianity:

A
  • Mairead Corrigan – worked for peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Winner of the Nobel peace prize
  • Martin Luther King – A Christian
    pacifist during the Civil Rights
    Movement in USA
64
Q

A person who has worked for peace in Islam:

A
  • Malala Yousafzai – spoke out against the Taliban, shot and almost killed. Received the Nobel Peace Prize for speaking out against war and terrorism, promoting education and peace
65
Q

Give 4 consequences of war:

A

-> People are displaced. They cannot live in a war zone.
-> People lose their jobs and children lose their education in times of war.
-> Death and Injury is a common consequence of war.
-> People are physiologically
damaged from their own suffering or losing people they love.
-> War causes extreme poverty as the economy is broken and food and water are not available.
-> Disease is a common problem, water is polluted and illness spreads
through refugee camps.

66
Q

Give a quote from the story of the Good Samaritan:

A

“Love thy neighbour”

67
Q

How do religious believers help victims of war? Give 4

A

Shelter
Medical help
Clean water
Emergency food
Rebuilding economy
Psychological support

68
Q

How are Muslims motivated to help victims of war?

A

The Qur’an teaches that you should be compassionate and merciful to people. Muslims believe that they are judged on their actions in the afterlife (Akhirah).
This belief helps motivate Muslims to help Victims of War. The White Helmets help victims of war in Syria, they are the first responders in a war zone.

69
Q

Islamic quote on victims of war

A

“Whoever saved a life, it would be as if they saved a life
of all mankind” - Qur’an

70
Q

Name 4 organisations that help victims of war:

A

Christian Aid
Muslim Aid
Caritas
Islamic Relief

71
Q

How does Christian Aid help war victims?

A

Poverty is a major consequence of war – this charity works to end world poverty and injustice. It helps refugees from Afghanistan and Syria.

72
Q

How does Muslim Aid help war victims?

A

This charity provides short and long term aid to victims of war. In 2014 they set up the Beity Orphanage in Turkey to give care and education to
children whose parents had been killed in Syria. They believe that they should follow the will of Allah and help those in need.

73
Q

How does Caritas help war victims?

A

This is a Catholic organisation that helps the poor and promotes Justice worldwide. They provide food, shelter and legal advice. In the Migrant crisis (2015), they supported refugees from Syria.

74
Q

How does Islamic Relief help war victims?

A

This organisation was founded in the UK by some university students. They now work alongside communities to help and prepare them for long term development. They help people regardless of race,
religion, gender or political opinion. They follow the teachings of the Qur’an.

75
Q

Contrasting Christian beliefs about violence:

A

1) Many Christians believe that violence can be used if all other means have failed. They allow violence in Self Defence or the defence of others who are being
attacked. War is allowed.
2) Christian Quakers are against all
violence. They are pacifists. They
refuse to take an active role in War
and Conflict but may become first aid officers.

76
Q

Contrasting Christian beliefs about Weapons of Mass Destruction:

A

1) Christians generally do not support the use od WMD but allow their possession for reasons of deterrence.
2) Many Christians including Quakers condemn the use of WMD as they hurt innocent civilians in mass numbers. This goes against the Just War Theory.

77
Q

Contrasting beliefs (Christian vs. Islam) about pacifism:

A

1) It is difficult for any Muslims to be a true pacifist as the Qur’an gives them permission to fight. They are “permitted to take up arms” and fight in self defence or the defence of Islam.
2) Quakers are pacifists who follow
the teachings of Jesus “Blessed are
the peacemakers” and “Do Not Kill”. They refuse to take an active role in War and Conflict but may become first aid officers.

Religious Studies (13 decks)

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