Theoretical Basis of Care

Question 1

Erik Erikson: Trust Vs. Mistrust

Answer 1

-Infancy (birth - 1 year)
-Ability to form meaningful relationships, hope about the future, trust in others

Question 2

Erik Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 2

-Early childhood (1-3 years)
-Self-control, self-esteem, willpower

Question 3

Erik Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 3

-Late childhood (3-6 years)
-Self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose

Question 4

Erik Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 4

-School-age (6-12 years)
-Ability to work, sense of competency and achievement

Question 5

Erik Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 5

-Adolescence (12-10 years)
-Personal sense of identity

Question 6

Erik Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 6

-Early adulthood (20-25 years):
-Committed relationships, capacity to love

Question 7

Erik Erikson: Generativity vs. Self-Absorption or Stagnation

Answer 7

-Middle adulthood (35-65 years)
-Ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care for others

Question 8

Erik Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 8

-Late adulthood (>65):
-Fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face death, insight and balanced perspectives on life’s events

Question 9

Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) Theory

Answer 9

-Sigmund Freud
-Focus on concepts of intrapsychic conflict among the structures of the mind
-Assumes that all behavior is purposeful and meaningful
-Instincts, urges, or fantasies function as drives that motivate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Question 10

Principle of Psychic Determinism

Answer 10

Even apparently meaningless, random, or accidental behavior is actually motivated by underlying unconscious mental content

Question 11

ID

Answer 11

-Contains primary dives or instincts, urges, or fantasies; drives are largely unconscious, sexual, or aggressive in content
-Pleasure principle - seeks immediate satisfaction
-“I want”

Question 12

Ego

Answer 12

-External reality
-Rational mind
-Adaptation
-“I think, I evaluate”

Question 13

Super Ego

Answer 13

-Ego-ideal
-Sense of conscious
-Aspirations, ideals, morals
-“I should or ought”

Question 14

Cognitive Theory

Answer 14

-Jean Piaget
-Human development evolves through cognition, learning, and comprehending

Question 15

Cognitive Theory: Sensorimotor

Answer 15

-Birth - 2 years
-Object permanence
-Ability to understand that objects have an existence independent of the child’s involvement with them

Question 16

Cognitive Theory: Preoperational

Answer 16

-2-7 years
-More extensive use of language and symbolisms
-Magical thinking

Question 17

Cognitive Theory: Concrete Operational

Answer 17

-17-12 years:
-Logic
-Develops concepts of reversibility and conservation

Question 18

Cognitive Theory: Formal Operational

Answer 18

-12 years - adult
-Ability to think abstractly
-Thinking operates in a formal, logical manner

Question 19

Interpersonal Theory

Answer 19

-Harry Sullivan
-Behavior occurs because of one’s interpersonal dynamics
-Interpersonal relationships and experiences influence one’s personality

Question 20

Interpersonal Development: Infancy

Answer 20

-Birth - 18 months
-Oral gratification; anxiety occurs for the first time

Question 21

Interpersonal Development: Childhood

Answer 21

-18 months - 6 years
-Delayed gratification

Question 22

Interpersonal Development: Juvenile

Answer 22

-6-9 years
-Forming peer relationships

Question 23

Interpersonal Development: Preadolescence

Answer 23

-9-12 years
-Same-sex relationships

Question 24

Interpersonal Development: Early adolescence

Answer 24

-12-14 years
-Opposite-sex relationships

Question 25

Interpersonal Development: Late adolescence

Answer 25

-14-21 years -Self-identity developed

Question 26

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Answer 26

-Abraham Maslow -Focus on health over illness -Certain needs are more important than others 1. Survival 2. Safety and security 3. Love and belonging 4. Self-esteem 5. Self-actualization

Question 27

Health Belief Model

Answer 27

-Marshall Becker -Healthy people do not always take advantage of screening or preventative programs ---Perception of susceptibility ---Seriousness of illness ---Perceived benefits of treatment ---Perceived barriers to change ---Expectations of efficacy

Question 28

Transtheoretical Model of Change: Precontemplation

Answer 28

No intention to change

Question 29

Transtheoretical Model of Change: Contemplation

Answer 29

-Thinking about changing -Is aware that there is a problem but not committed to changing

Question 30

Transtheoretical Model of Change: Preparation

Answer 30

-Made the decision to change -Ready for action

Question 31

Transtheoretical Model of Change: Action

Answer 31

Engaging in specific, overt actions to change

Question 32

Transtheoretical Model of Change: Maintenance

Answer 32

Engaging in behaviors to prevent relapse

Question 33

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 33

-Focused, goal-directive therapy -Motivation is elicited from the client -Builds on Transtheoretical Model

Question 34

Self-Efficacy and Social Learning Theory

Answer 34

-Albert Bandura -Behavior is the result of cognitive and environmental factors -People lear by observing others

Question 35

Theory of Cultural Care

Answer 35

-Madeline Leininger -Regardless of the culture, care is the unifying focus and the essence of nursing

Question 36

Theory of Self-Care

Answer 36

-Dorothy Orem -Self-Care: Activities that maintain life, health, and well-being

Question 37

Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship Theory (Interpersonal Theory)

Answer 37

-Hildegard Peplau -Nursing is an interpersonal process in which all interventions occur within the context of the nurse-client relationship -Behavior represents the person trying to adapt to internal or environmental forces

Question 38

Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship

Answer 38

1. Orientation phase 2. Working phase: (identification, exploitation) 3. Termination phase (resolution)

Question 39

Caring Theory

Answer 39

-Jean Watson -Caring is essential to nursing -Carative factors, care that potentiates the therapeutic healing and relationship, should be implemented

Question 40

Social Learning Theory

Answer 40

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation