Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Sex

Question 1

has evolved as an ideology that men are
superior to women in all aspects of life

Answer 1

misogyny

Question 2

issue in US. the hatred of or, aversion to, or prejudice against women

Answer 2

Misogyny

Question 3

There have been multiple movements to try and fight this prejudice

Answer 3

The Feminist Movement

Question 4

Four Eras of Feminist Movements in United
States of America

Answer 4

1. First Wave Feminism (1848-1920)
2. Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s)
3. Third Wave Feminism (1990s-2008)
4. Fourth Wave Feminism (2008-present)

Question 5

(also known as the women’s liberation movement, the women’s
movement, or simply feminism) refers to a
series of political campaigns for reform on a
variety of issues that affect women’s quality
of life.

Answer 5

feminist movement

Question 6

propelled by middle class, western, cisgender, white women

as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman.” the Seneca Falls Convention from July 19-20, 1848)

68 women and 32 men–100 out of some 300
attendees–signed the Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments,

a notable connection between the movement to abolish slavery and the women’s rights movement

Answer 6

First Wave Feminism (1848-1920)

Question 7

Limitations:

lack of inclusion of women of color and poor
women.

The movement was led by educated white
women and often willfully ignored pressing
issues for the rest of the women in the United
States.

Answer 7

First Wave Feminism (1848-1920)

Question 8

drew in women of color and women from developing nations, seeking sisterhood and solidarity, and claiming

Answer 8

“Women’s struggle is class struggle.”

Question 9

Feminists spoke of women as a social class and coined phrases such as “the personal is political” and “identity politics” in an effort to demonstrate that race, class, and gender oppression are all related.

Margaret Sanger, birth control advocate from the first wave, lived to see the Food and Drug Administration approve the combined oral contraceptive pill in 1960, which was made available in 1961

Both first second wave feminists were influenced by other contemporaneous social movements.

Feminists engaged in protests and actions designed to bring awareness and change.

Answer 9

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s)

Question 10

The success of …included a more
individualistic approach to feminism, a broadening of issues beyond voting and property rights, and greater awareness of timely feminist objectives through books and television.

Answer 10

the second wave

Question 11

Feminists were concerned with far more than protests, however…

In the 1970s, they opened battered women’s shelters andsuccessfully fought for protection from employment discrimination for pregnant women, reform of rape laws (such as the abolition of laws requiring a witness to corroborate a woman’s report of rape), criminalization of domestic violence,
and funding for schools that sought to counter sexist stereotypes of women.

Answer 11

Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s)

Question 12

refers to several diverse strains of feminist activity and study, whose exact boundaries in the history of feminism are a subject of debate

arose partially as a response to the perceived failures of and backlash against initiatives and movements created by second-wave feminism.

broadened the parameters of feminism to include a more diverse group of women and a more fluid range of sexual and gender identities.

Answer 12

Third Wave Feminism (1990s-2008)

Question 13

there were some impactful political
disappointments, as the…was not ratified by the states, and second wave feminists were not able to create lasting coalitions with
other social movements.

Answer 13

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

Question 14

this wave is feminists effectively used mass
media, particularly the web (“cybergrrls” and
“netgrrls”), to create a feminism that is global,
multicultural, and boundary-crossing.

Answer 14

Third wave

Question 15

this wave feminism’s focus on identity and
the blurring of boundaries, however, did not
effectively address many persistent macro
sociological issues such as sexual harassment
and sexual assault.

Answer 15

Third wave

Question 16

is shaped by technology and characterized by the
#metoo and the #timesup movements.

these hashtags were first introduced on Twitter in 2007, this movement has grown rapidly, as social media activism has spread interest in and awareness of feminism.

Answer 16

Fourth Wave Feminism (2008-present)

Question 17

a conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues.

to examine the maintenance of gender roles and uneven power relations

Answer 17

Feminist Theory

Question 18

men’s contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women

Answer 18

Patriarchal societies

Question 19

Use to justify gendered division of social roles and inequality in access to rewards, positions of power, and privilege.

Answer 19

Patriarchy

Question 20

a set of institutional structures (like property rights, access topositions of power, relationship to sources of income) that are based on the belief that men and women are dichotomous and unequal categories of being

Answer 20

Patriarchy

Question 21

This is a way of acknowledging that the challenges and personal crises that
emerge in one’s day-to-day lived experience are symptomatic of larger
systemic political issues, and that the solutions to such problems must be
collectively pursued.

Answer 21

Personal is political

Question 22

One of the influential sociological insights that emerged within second wave feminism is that

Answer 22

“the personal is political.”

Question 23

Many of the most immediate and fundamental experiences of social life—from childbirth to who washes the dishes to the experience of sexual violence—had simply been invisible or
regarded as unimportant politically or socially.

Answer 23

Standpoint Theory

Question 24

Smith argued that instead of beginning sociological analysis from the
abstract point of view of institutions or systems, women’s lives could be
more effectively examined if one began from the

Answer 24

“actualities”

Question 26

The three main sociological perspectives to better understand the socio-economic phenomenon of the gender wage gap.

Answer 26

Theoretical Perspectives on Gender

Question 27

examines multiple, overlapping identities and social contexts (Black, Latina, Asian, gay, trans, working class, poor, single parent, working, stay-at-home, immigrant, undocumented, etc.) and the unique, various lived experiences within these spaces.

Answer 27

Intersectional Theory

Question 28

These roles were considered functional because women were often limited by the physical restraints of pregnancy and nursing and were unable to leave the home for long periods of time.

These roles were passed on to subsequent generations, since they served as an
effective means of keeping the family system functioning properly.

Answer 28

Structural functionalism

Question 29

society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (like women versus men) that compete for scarce resources

men as the dominant group and women as the subordinate group

social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups.

It is difficult for women to rise above men, as dominant group members create the rules for success and opportunity in society
(Farrington and Chertok 1993).

Answer 29

Conflict Theory

Question 30

aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols and meaning-making in human interaction. relevant to the discussion of masculinity and femininity.

The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and not natural, and
fluid, not static, we act and react to symbols based on the current assigned
meaning

Answer 30

Symbolic Interactionism