theories (1-3) Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following statements reflect the rationale for why nurses should study about theories?
Select all that apply.
1. Theories provide frameworks for the phenomena that nurses observe while caring for patients, families, and communities.
2. Clinical reasoning, with theoretical frameworks, guides nurses in making sense across clinical settings.
3. Theories help nurses to explain and predict nursing phenomena.
4. Theories always direct nursing research.
A
4 is not correct because theories do not always direct nursing research. While theories can indeed inform and guide research, they are not the only factor that drives research. Research in nursing can also be guided by practical problems, clinical needs, or gaps in knowledge that may not always be directly linked to a specific theory.
2
Q
Terminology: Concept
A
A mental formulation of objects or events, representing the basic way in which ideas ware organized and communicated
3
Q
Terminology: Theory
A
A purposeful set of assumptions or propositions about concepts that are accepted as factual or true; includes “taken for granted” ideas about the nature and purpose of concepts as well as the structure of theory.
4
Q
Terminology: Theoretical model
A
mental repersentation of how things work. For example an architects plan for a house is not the house it self but rather the set of information necessary to understand how all of the building elements will be brought together to create that particular house.
5
Q
Terminology: Conceptual framework
A
the theoretical structure that links concepts together for a specific purpose. When its purpose is to show how something works, it can be described as theoretical model. Nursing conceptual frameworks, it can also be described as a theoretical model. Nursing conceptual frameworks link major nursing concepts and phenomena to direct nursing decisions. Are also often referred to as nursing models or nursing theories
6
Q
Terminology: phenomenon
A
any object, fact, or occurrence perceived or observed
7
Q
what is nusing knowledge and the components of it?
A
The foundation of any discipline is the development of a specialized body of knowledge
concept: idea
conceputal framework: describes an idea
theories: describes a set of ideas
models: a drawing of a framework or idea - help us to better understand them
8
Q
how can concept be explained?
A
- abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality
- often called the “builidng blocks” of theories
- they are ideas of an object, property or event
Concepts can be:
Concrete- meaning readily observable: examples: walking, eating, clinical: vital signs, thermometer, rash , wounds status, stethoscope
Inferential- indirectly observable: examples: weather predictions,clinical: pain, difficulty breathing, anxiety
Abstract- non-observable: examples happiness, freedom, clinical: stress, social support, caring, hope
9
Q
What is conceputal framework
A
- Group of related ideas, statements, or concepts
- is a systematic ordering of ideas about the phenomena being investigated.
- Describes an overall idea
The goal is to understand how nurses organize knowledge to assess a patient’s situation.
Frameworks guide nurses in making decisions by considering the patient’s needs, evidence-based practices, and available resources.
- maslow’s hierachy of needs:
- Conceptual Framework: Maslow’s theory organizes human needs into a five-tier pyramid, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
- Real life application: In a workplace setting, managers can apply Maslow’s hierarchy to ensure that employees’ basic needs (like safetyand food) are met before encouraging them to pursue further professional career development.
- piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
- Conceptual Framework: This framework describes the stages children go through as they develop cognitive abilities.
- Real life application: Educators use this framework to design age- appropriate learning activities that match the cognitive abilities of students at different stages of development.
10
Q
what do we mean by the word “theory”
A
Definition:
* Purposeful set of assumptions or statements that identify the relationships between concepts
* Provides a systematic view for explaining, predicting, and prescribing phenomena
11
Q
what are the difference between conceptual framework and theories
A
conceptual framework
- helps organize and guide thinking about a particular topic or phenomenon.
- is more flexible and does not always have the detailed, tested hypotheses that a theory does.
- used to guide research or practice by offering a general direction
theories
- a specific, detailed explanation of how certain phenomena work.
it is a set of principles or ideas that have been tested, validated through evidence and research.
- provides predictive power, meaning it can be used to explain, predict, or control outcomes.
- it tends to focus on cause- and-effect relationships.
12
Q
why is nursing theory unique
A
- Knowledge about nursing organized for nurses to use in a professional and accountable manner
- A perspective for viewing clients’ situations, a way to organize data, and a method of analyzing and interpreting information, to render nursing practice coherent and informed
- Contributes and assists in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline
13
Q
Why a theory goes beyond conceptual framework?
A
A theory goes beyond conceptual frameworks to show the nature and significance of relationships among concepts. Theories offer ways of looking at a discipline—such as nursing—in clear, explicit terms that can be communicated to others.
for example, nursing theories provide informaton about:
* Definitions of nursing and nursing practice
* Principles that form the basis for practice
* Goals and functions of nursing
* Clarifies the scope of nursing practice
14
Q
What does nursing theories provide information about
A
- Definitions of nursing and nursing practice
- Principles that form the basis for practice
- Goals and functions of nursing
- Clarifies the scope of nursing practice
15
Q
Types of theory
A
Grand
Middle-range
Descriptive
Prescriptive
16
Q
what is descriptive theory?
A
designed not to direct patient care specifically but to help explain client assessments (why are we seeing what we are seeing given their diagnosis, coping abilities etc.) possibly guide future research
17
Q
what is prescriptive theory
A
addresses nursing interventions and predict consequences of a specific intervention. These types of theories test validity/predictability of nursing action – when should the intervention occur – what will be the consequences?
18
Q
what is a Model?
A
- A model is a simplified representation or framework that helps explain, organize, or guide understanding of a particular topic.
- Provides a structured approach to addressing specific issues or situations, making them easier to analyze and apply in real-world context.
- In nursing, models help guide practice by offering frameworks for assessment, decision-making, and patient care.
19
Q
What is Metaparadigm
A
the most global perspective of a discipline – or World view. It defines the scope and focus of a discipline.
- Science (STEM)- Space, Time, Energy and Matter: These are foundational concepts that describe the universe and are interrelated in physics. (i.e. Newton’s laws of motion explain how forces affect objects.)
- Business- Product, Price, Place, and Promotion: Known as the “4 Ps” of marketing, these are interconnected concepts that guide business strategies. (i.e. A company uses these elements to develop a successful marketing plan.)
20
Q
what are the concepts in the Metapardigm of nurisng
A
- A metaparadigm is a broad, overarching framework that guides the entire discipline of nursing.
- Nursing is a metaparadigm and within it, there are structures (or main concepts) that help us define all nursing theory.
21
Q
The 4 interconnected concepts that form the foundation of nursing theory and practice
A
Person
environment
health
nursing
- These four interconnected concepts form the foundation of nursing theory and practice.
- They help nurses understand and organize knowledge, ensuring that care is holistic and patient centered care
22
Q
person in nursing theories
A
Recipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and sociocultural components. The “person” is a system of interacting parts, competing human needs, entity with bio, psycho, social and spiritual elements (client, family, community, nurse)
23
Q
Environment in nursing theories
A
All internal and external conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting the person. Such as family and social ties, community, hc system, geopolitical issues affecting health- location, resources, borders, and physical landscapes
24
Q
health in nursing theories
A
Degree of wellness or illness experienced by the person. example of this? Chronic illnesses, i.e. Diabetes Management
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nursing in nursing theories
The actions, characteristics and attributes of the person giving care.
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what is nursing grand theory
* Global - have the broadest scope and present general concepts and propositions.
* Abstract theoretical perspectives that frame the discipline of nursing- Theories at this level may provide insights useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing.
* Distinguish nursing as its own body of knowledge- Theories at this level are intended to be pertinent to all instances in nursing.
* Provides an establishment and validation of nursing’s identify
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WHO are the nursing grand theorists (6)
Florence Nightingale,
Hildegard Peplau,
Virginia Henderson,
Betty Neuman,
Sister Calista Roy,
Rosemary Rizzo Parse
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Major theoretical models (5)
Practice-based theories
Needs theories
Interactionist theories
Systems theories
Simultaneity theories
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what are practice based theoreis
* conceptual models of these nursing theories are designed for the
* purpose of guiding and shaping nursing practice.
* They connect everyday nursing practice with larger principles to help improve patient outcomes.
* Florence Nightingale
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Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
* Considered first nurse theorist
* Prolific writer who advanced nursing significantly
* Book: Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not
* Intended for “health nurses” rather than “proper nurses”
* Nurses were responsible for “putting the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.”
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Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale-
* The theory emphasizes the influence of the environment on a patient’s health and recovery. Nightingale believed that a clean, well-ventilated, and quiet environment could promote healing and prevent disease.
* The Environment Theory of nursing is a patient-care theory-mid 1800’s
* “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.”
* It involves the nurse’s initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the restoration of the patient’s health and that external factors associated with the patient’s surroundings affect the life or biologic and physiologic processes experienced in their illness.
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Nightingale's concepts: person
* Patient who is acted on by nurse
* Affected by environment
* Has reparative powers
* Individuals were viewed holistically, emphasizing their physical, mental, and emotional needs.
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Nightingale’s Concepts - environment
Foundation of theory. Included everything, physical, psychological, and social Includes external factors like cleanliness, ventilation, light, nutrition, and noise control.
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Nightingale’s Concepts - health
* Maintaining well-being by using a person’s powers
* Maintained by control of environment
* The absence of disease is not enough; the environment must actively support wellness.
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Nightingale’s Concepts - nursing
* Provided fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, good diet, quiet to facilitate person’s reparative process
* Nurses are responsible for maintaining cleanliness, providing comfort, and ensuring that patients’ basic needs are met to promote recovery.
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Needs theories
* Needs Theories- theory conceptualizing the patient according to their collection of needs.
* Needs theories suggest nurses should assess an address the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients to help them recover or maintain their health.
* Virginia Henderson
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Virginia Henderson (1897-1996)
* Henderson worked as a nurse in several settings, including hospitals, and later became a faculty member at the Yale School of Nursing, where she spent a significant part of her career.
* Theory: Definition of Nursing – 1955, nurses’ role is assisting the individual in activities that contribute to overall health including recovery or a “good death”.
*
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Interactionist theories
* focusing on relationships between nurses and their patients.
* Communicative, behavioural patterns by which nurses can meet their patients’ needs.
* Hildegard Peplau
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Hildegard E. Peplau (1909-1999)
* Education: diploma Nursing program, BA in Interpersonal Psychology, MA in Psych Nursing, Doctor of Education (EdD) in curriculum development Worked as a school nurse, a private duty nurse, and a hospital nurse.
* Theory: Interpersonal relations in Nursing (1952)
* Views nursing as a therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient, focusing on the interactions and communication between them
* Peplau's work contributed to the recognition of the nurse's role in promoting mental health and well-being, particularly in psychiatric nursing.
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Systems theories
* theories that account for the whole and its subparts, as well as how all pieces interact. Individual viewed as an open system continuingly interacting with the environment.
* Betty Neuman
* Sister Callista Roy
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Betty neuman (1924-2022)
* Practiced as licensed clinical marriage and family therapist
* Theory: Neuman Systems Model-1974
* Known around the world
* Originally developed as a teaching tool for mental health clinical specialists in graduate program
* Major components of model are stress and reaction to stress; goal is to achieve optimal client stability
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Sister Callista Roy (1939-)
* Still teaching and publishing
* She is a Roman Catholic sister
* Theory: Adaptation Model-1970
* Used observations of children adapting to illnesses and based her theory on her observations
* Theory is based on individuals as systems that adapt to health and illness problems
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simultaneity theories
* considers a patient interacting with the environment to be an important
* goal. The human-universe relationship is a mutual process and not cause and effect. Patients are viewed as being part of a complex, holistic process where time and space are inseparable.
* Rosemarie Parse
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Rosemarie RIzzo Parse (1914-1984)
* Retired as chair and professor emeritus from Loyola University in Chicago
* Founding editor of Nursing Science Quarterly
* Theory: Theory of Human Becoming-1981
* Introduced man-living-health theory dealing with man’s total experience in health
* Considered the person as a whole, not in traditional way of systems or fragments
* Nurses engage with people in their process of “becoming”. Promotes quality of life rather than traditional medical mode
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What is Theorizing in the future
* Describes nursing
* Provides the foundations of nursing practice:
* Generates new knowledge
* Distinguishes nursing from other disciplines
* Clinical decisions are most valid when based on theory that has been supported/validated by research
(for example)
-Help establish quality of life criteria (MOST status)
-Help build a common nursing terminology to use in communicating with other health care professionals (NANDA)
-Enhances the autonomy of nursing by defining its own independent functions (assessments, clinical decisions and plans of care)
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What is grand theory
* Very Abstract
* More than 50 Grand Theories exist
* Example: Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness
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what is middle range theory
* Less Abstract
* At least 30 Middle Range Theories exist
* Example: Swanson’s Theory of CaringTypes of Nursing Theory
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Caring theories
* Moving on from grand theories, next we will explore one of the most important nursing concepts, CARING!
* Many theorists have attempted to define caring and its attributes as this is central to nursing practice.
* Emphasize the importance of understanding and addressing the human side of healthcare to promote healing, comfort, and well-being.
Some examples of Caring theories:
-Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring
-Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring
-Madeleine Leininger’s Cultural Care Theory
-Boykin and Schoenhofer’s Nursing as
-Caring Theory
-Sister M. Simone Roach’s 5 Cs of Caring
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How do you define caring?
Compassion, empathy, what nurses do concern and kindness for others, helping them feel supported, valued, and understood.
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Caring and the Nurse-Client
A caring attitude helps the nurse focus on the client:
* to know the person
* to explore the person’s problems
* to find solutions
-Know their needs, values, belief systems
-Explore the meaning of their illness
-Find solutions that suit their lifestyle, views and accessibilities
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Ethics of Care: who becomes a nurese? what attributes do they have?
* Places caring at the center of decision making
* Concerned with a nurse’s character and attitude toward others
* Sensitive to power imbalances in relationships
* Ensures the nurse is the client’s advocate
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What is power imbalances
In healthcare, a power imbalance often exists between healthcare providers, including nurses, and patients. Nurses recognize that they possess specialized knowledge and expertise, which can create a power differential. Being sensitive to this imbalance means acknowledging the potential vulnerability of patients and striving to foster a relationship built on trust, collaboration, and respect.
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what is Caring in Nursing practice
Caring is a product of values, experiences, & relationships with others.
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Nurse bheavoiurs perceived by patients and families as caring:
What are some nursing behaviors perceived to be caring by both patients and families?
* Availability
* Time, regular contact
* Assessment, expertise
* Being confirmed as a person
* Personalized attention
* Gestures
* Sharing personal details
* Concern
* Trust! Safe environments
Being honest
Competence in care
Giving clear expectations
Accessibility
Keeping family members informed
Trying to make the client comfortable,relief of suffering
Allowing the client to do as much for themself as possible
Teaching the family how to keep the client physically comfortable
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The art of nursing/ nursing as a humane science
Relationship centered & involves adapting care to meet the needs of patients & families through Caring Behaviours:
* Wisdom and Insight
* Love of humanit
* The ability to share another’s pain
* Courage to Offer Hope
* Profound compassion
* Presence and Connectedness
* Comfort with our own and others’ spirituality
* Ability to Empowers Others
* A Sense of Humor
* Building mutual trusting relationships
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what are the examples: the arts of nursing
touch:
* Provides comfort, Creates a connection
* Contact touch
* Noncontact touch (eye contact)
* Protective touch
* Task-oriented touch
listening:
* Creates trust, Opens lines of communication, Creates a mutual relationship
knowing the client:
* Develops over time, The core process of clinical decision making, Aspects of knowing include, Responses to therapy, routines, and habits, Coping resources, Physical capacities and endurance
* Spiritual health is achieved when a person can find a balance between their life values, goals, and belief systems, and those of others. Spirituality offers a sense of interpersonal and transpersonal connectedness.
family centered care:
* People experience life through relationships with others, Caring does not occur in isolation from a client’s family, Family is an integral resource.
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Barriers to Caring
What are some barriers perceived by nurses in providing care for patients and families?
* Time,
* Resources,
* Client did not see the background care planning, assessment analysis that equates to caring in our role as nurses- invisible work
* Task-oriented care
* Technology
* Leadership
* Resources – staffing, skill mix
* Time
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WHat is a middle range theory?
Less abstract than Grand Nursing Theories
● Middle range theory=application to practice, concerned with specific phenomena found
in nursing practice
● Useful to nurse researchers who want to test interventions, develop practice guidelines,
and improve specific conditions for patients, families, students and nurses
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Two middle range theories for nursing that we focused on
Theory of Chronic Sorrow (Eakes, 1998)
Theory of Comfort (Kolcaba, 1994)
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What is Theory of Comfort - Kolcaba, 1994
The Theory of Comfort was developed by Katharine Kolcaba, a nursing theorist, to
guide nursing practice and research by focusing on the role of comfort in patient care.
● This middle-range theory emphasizes the importance of addressing patients' physical,
psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental needs to promoteoverall well-being.
● Comfort can be achieved in three forms and four contexts.
According to comfort theory, patients experience comfort needs in stressful health care
situations. Patients and their families/supports meet some needs but other needs remain unm
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the four contexts of patient's experiences assessed by comfort needs
* **Physical**: pertaining to bodily sensation and physiologic problems associated with medical diagnosis
* **Psychospiritual**: pertaining to the internal awareness of self, including esteem, concept of sexuality, and meaning in one’s life; this can also encompass one’s relationship to a higher order or being
* **Environmental**: pertaining to the external background of human experience; encompasses light noise, ambiance, color, temperature
* **Social**: pertaining to interpersonal, family and societal relationships
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The 3 forms of the thoery of comfort
Comfort exists in three forms: relief, ease, and transcendence
● Relief- patients experience a sense of relief when their individual comfort needs are met
● Ease- patients are at ease in situations that enable them to be calm or content
● Transcendence- occurs when a person rises above their challenges
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examples the three types of comfort and the four contexts of care being incorporated into a hospital's model care
Comfort, a purposeful meaning to obtain desirable and measurable outcomes for patients
● Higher patient function
● Quicker discharge
● Fewer readmissions
● Increased satisfaction with care
● Fiscal benefits for the institution
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How is comfort theory organized int:
3 forms: relief, ease and transcendence
4 contexts: physical, psychospiritual, environment and social
More Examples of Forms of Comfort
● Alleviating physical suffering
● Addressing basic physiological needs
● Resolving or providing reassurance
● Soothing and supportive environments
● Providing emotional safety and trust
● Encouraging relaxation and comforting routines
● Supporting personal growth, hope or resilience
● Spiritual or existential reflection
● Empowering strength and positive adaptation
In Summary: The theory of comfort highlights the integral role of
comfort in improving the quality of nursing care and patient satisfaction
in any setting where patient comfort is valued
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Theory of Chronic Sorrow Eakes, et. al, 1998
● A mid range nursing theory further developed by Georgene Eakes, Mary L. Burke, and
Margaret A. Hainsworth in 1998.
● Describes the normal, recurring grief responses that individuals experience in response
to ongoing loss or a significant life-changing event.
● These losses can stem from where there is a perceived or real gap between reality and
what was hoped for (DISPARITY)
● The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals cope with persistent
emotional pain.
The occurrence of events that bring the negative disparity into focus (called trigger events)
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What are the four defining characteristics of chronic sorrow
1. No predictable end
2. Is cyclic or recurrent
3. Triggers: Internal events (within the person) or external events (outside influences) can
prompt feelings of sadness or sorrow, bringing to mind losses, disappointments, or fears.
4. Is progressive and has the potential to intensify
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types of losses associated with chronic sorrow
* Single Loss Event- A single loss refers to a specific, isolated event or circumstance that causes grief or sorrow. It is usually a discrete incident that results in a significant change or disruption in a person's life.
* Ongoing Loss Events- with no predictable end. Involves a continual or recurring experience of loss over an extended period.
In summary, The Theory of Chronic Sorrow helps us comprehend how individuals navigate and cope with the sustained challenges and emotional impact of losses in their lives.
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Coping Strategies; how nurses can facilitate coping (5)
Autonomy
Advocacy
Education
Time, empathy, listening
Touch
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coping strategies examples:
● Encouraging involvement in personal activities and interests
● Advocating for respite opportunities (relief for caregivers)
● Seeking and giving information/resoruces
● Taking one-day-at-a-time approach- short vs.longterm goals
● Talking with others involved in the same situations
● Talking with a trusted professional
● Relying on religious or personal beliefs and practices for comfort
Understand and be sensitive to the mechanisms of trigger events as the context of nursing work
may become a trigger event for you, your patients, or your patients’ families.
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What is Critical theory?
● Aims to critique and change society, not just explain it.
● Goes beyond the surface to reveal hidden assumptions shaping how we see the world.
● Examines how power and inequality impact society, aiming to promote social justice
andchange.
● Often power is thought of top-down but power operates at all levels.CORE
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what are the elements of critical theory (what makes critical theory unique)
1) Focuses on how social change happens and how it can be achieved.
2) Follows an ethical framework aimed at improving society.
3) Examines how power operates in different contexts.
4) Reflects on and stays accountable for its own practices.
72
what is the role of a critical lens for healthcare providers?
A critical lens reminds healthcare providers that social conditions are not fixed and that existing structures, like the healthcare system, may need revision to be more equitable and responsive to patients, families, and communities.
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Critical theory in nursing
Critical theory provides nurses with the tools to look beyond individual patient care and focus on broader societal factors that influence health outcomes.This approach helps nurses deliver more inclusive, equitable, and socially aware care by addressing systemic issues and
advocating for social change. (Doane & Varcoe, 2021)
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Definition: structual
basic structures in society such as local/state/global political economies or
institutions of health, legal, educational or government systems
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definition: power
focuses focuses on oppression, culture, economic conditions of life, social change and emancipation (to set free)
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definition: inequities
differences that arise from social arrangements that are unfair
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definition: critical lens
social orders involve domination and power
knowledge is shaped by power relations
truth can never be separated from valves/ ideologies
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what is feminism
* Feminism is about creating fairness and equality for all genders.
* Challenges unfair systems like sexism, racism, and other forms of discrimination that
impact people differently.
* Feminism aims to make sure everyone has equal opportunities, rights, and respect, no
matter their identity
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key ares of focus in feminist sociology
● Discrimination and exclusion based on sex and gender
● Objectification of individuals
● Structural and economic inequality
● Power dynamics and oppression
● Gender roles and stereotypes
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How do you apply feminism in nursing
● Provide Inclusive Care: Recognize and address how gender, race, class, and other
identities affect patients' health and access to care.
● Challenge Bias: Reflect on and challenge stereotypes or assumptions in healthcare to
ensure equitable treatment for all patients.
● Advocate for Equity: Support policies and practices that promote fair access to
healthcare resources for priority populations.
● Empower Patients: Respect and amplify patients' voices in decision-making, ensuring
their needs and experiences shape their care.
● Educate and Collaborate: Stay informed about social issues affecting health and work
with patients, families, and communities to address them.
● Support Fellow Nurses: Advocate for gender equity and fair treatment within the
nursing profession and healthcare system.
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what is postcolonial theory
● Postcolonialism theory examines the lasting effects of colonialism and imperialism on societies and cultures. In nursing, it prompts us to consider how historical colonial practices may impact health disparities and encourages us to think of ways in providing
culturally sensitive care to diverse populations.
NOTE: post in "postcolnialism" dos not mean we are only focusing on "after" colonialism but rather the importance of examining colonialism effects in this current day
82
what is colonialims
the practice of a wealthy or powerful nation's maintaining or extending its control over their countries, especially in establishing settlements or exploiting resouces
NOTE: colonialism can be thought of as the practice of domination and imperialism as an idea behind the practice
(explores the lasting effects of European colonial rule on politics, culture, history, society and economies worldwide, particularly fromt he 18th to the 20th century)
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what are the fundamental claim of postcolonial theory
● The world today cannot be understood without considering the history of imperialism and colonial rule.
● European philosophy, literature, and history are deeply shaped by colonial encounters and oppression
● Highlights the significant and often overlooked role of colonized societies in shaping global modernity.
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how is race explained as a social construct
● Race is shaped by social, cultural, historical factors, and ancestry and its meaning
changes across societies and time periods.
● While biological differences exist among individuals, the concept of race is a
human-made categorization system that assigns social significance to certain physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, or hair texture.
● Therefore, race is considered a social construct that influences social interactions, identities, and experiences rather than a biologically determined characteristic.
85
what is poststructuralism
Poststructuralism is a way of thinking htat started in the 1950s, mostly france and was popular until 1980s.
Poststructuralism builds on structuralism.
● Structuralism is a way of thinking that focuses on understanding the bigger systems or structures that shape how society works, rather than just looking at individual actions. It suggests that many things in our lives, like language, beliefs, or customs, are connected in patterns or systems.
● Poststructuralism adds that these systems are not fixed or unchanging. Instead, poststructuralists believe that meaning and understanding are always shifting,
depending on context and perspective.
● Poststructuralism questions the idea that there's a single truth or fixed way of looking at things, emphasizing that language, power, and identity are fluid and can be interpreted in different ways.
Language plays a central role in how power operates. A poststructuralist perspective
emphasizes that language shapes social realities and can reinforce inequities. Language is never neutral.
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Where is poststructuralism used in (3)
POSTSTRUCTURALISM IS A WAY OF THINKING USED IN:
● Literary theory (studying texts and their meanings)
● Philosophy (understanding how language shapes our thoughts)
● Critical theory (analyzing language to create social change)
Post-structuralism encourages us to think critically about how knowledge and ideas are constructed and how they shape our reality. This theory highlights the power of language and as nurses we need to pay attention to how we are speaking about people’s experiences.
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using a post-structual filter (in nursing)
● Focus on how language is used in practice.
● Language plays a key role in how power is expressed and experienced in healthcare.
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intersectionality as critical theory
● Focuses on how social identities (race, ethnicity, gender, etc.) overlap to create unique experiences of privilege and oppression.
● Recognizes that these intersecting identities can affect health outcomes and
experiences in healthcare.
● Encourages nurses to consider these factors to provide more equitable, inclusive care and improve overall wellbeing.
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Core constructs in intersectionality as critical theory (6)
* Relationality
* Power
* Social inequality
* Social context
* Complexity
* Social justice
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GUiding premises (intersectionality as critical theory)
(1) Race, class, gender, and similar systems of power are interdependent and mutually
construct one another.
(2) Intersecting power relations produce complex, interdependent social inequalities of race, class, gender, sexuality, nationality, ethnicity, ability, and age.
(3) The social location of individuals and groups within intersecting power relations shapes their experiences within and perspectives on the social world.
(4) Solving social problems within a given Local, regional, national, or global context requires intersectional analyses.(Collins et al., 2021)
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how can intersectionality as a critical thoery be applied in nursing
● Patient health is shaped by many factors, not just one.
● Encourages nurses to consider all parts of a patient’s identity to address their unique needs.
● A “one-size-fits-all” approach doesn’t work—health outcomes are shaped by how different aspects of identity intersect.
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what do nurses use for creating change
IN SUMMARY: NURSES CREATING CHANGE USING CRITICAL THEORY
Leverage knowledge to drive social change and advocate for justice and equality.
Seek to understand individuals' circumstances without judgment.
Incorporate patients' circumstances into care planning.
Identify and address systemic factors influencing health beyond individual control.
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what is constructivist theory
An idea that suggests people actively construct their understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and interactions with their environment. A theory for teaching and learning
Our BSN curriculum is based on Constructivist Theory
Main principles:
● Knowledge is constructed, rather than innate, or passively absorbed
● Learning is an active process
● All knowledge is socially constructed
● All knowledge is personal
● Learning exists in the mind
