Theories Flashcards
(5 cards)
Etiologogy
= the study of the causes of childhood disorders
*Multiple, interactive causes help in understanding the complexity of disorders
etio = causation
oloy = the scientific study of something
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
Abnormal development is multiply determinedMust look beyond current symptomsConsider developmental pathways and interacting eventsChildren and environments are interdependent - transactional view*Both children and the environment as active contributors to adaptive and maladaptive behavior
*Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities. Continuous = smooth increase. Discountinuous = stages
ORGANIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
Early patterns of adaptation evolve with structure over time
Sensitive periods
Development is a process of increasing differentiation and integration
Current abilities or limitations are influenced by prior accomplishments
AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
No single theoretical orientation explains various behaviors or disordersAbnormal child behavior is best studied from a multi-theoretical perspective*Knowledge increases through research
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Neurobiological perspectivebrain = underlying cause of psychological disorders The fetal brain develops from all-purpose cells into a complex organNeural plasticity: the brain’s anatomical differentiation is use-dependentNature and nurture both contribute*Experience plays a critical role in brain development
Maturation of the brainAreas governing basic sensory and motor skills mature during the first 3 years of lifePerceptual and instinctive centers are strongly affected by early childhood experiencesPrefrontal cortex and cerebellum are not rewired until 5 to 7 years old*Major restructuring occurs from ages 9 to 11 due to pubertal development and again in adolescenceWhat are these examples of? Sensitive periods in development
GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS
Expression of genetic influences = Malleable & responsive to social environmentGene-environment interaction (GxE) Behavioral genetics = A branch of genetics that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior. Lots of twin studiesMolecular genetics - Used to identify specific genes for childhood disorders. Long-term goal is to determine how genetic mutations alter how genes function.Genetic influences are probabilistic, not deterministicMost forms of abnormal behavior are polygenic
GENE–ENVIRONMENT CORRELATIONSWays that a person’s genes and their environment are systematically interrelatedThree types of gene-environment correlationsPassiveEvocativeActive
day 3 - theories 1.14.25
The image on the last screen portrayed development asⓘStart presenting to display the poll results on this slide.
ORGANIZATION OF DEVELOPMENTEarly patterns of adaptation evolve with structure over timeSensitive periodsDevelopment is a process of increasing differentiation and integrationCurrent abilities or limitations are influenced by prior accomplishments
AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACHNo single theoretical orientation explains various behaviors or disordersAbnormal child behavior is best studied from a multi-theoretical perspectiveKnowledge increases through research
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVESNeurobiological perspectivebrain = underlying cause of psychological disorders The fetal brain develops from all-purpose cells into a complex organNeural plasticity: the brain’s anatomical differentiation is use-dependentNature and nurture both contributeExperience plays a critical role in brain development
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVESMaturation of the brainAreas governing basic sensory and motor skills mature during the first 3 years of lifePerceptual and instinctive centers are strongly affected by early childhood experiencesPrefrontal cortex and cerebellum are not rewired until 5 to 7 years oldMajor restructuring occurs from ages 9 to 11 due to pubertal development and again in adolescenceWhat are these examples of?
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVESMaturation of the brainAreas governing basic sensory and motor skills mature during the first 3 years of lifePerceptual and instinctive centers are strongly affected by early childhood experiencesPrefrontal cortex and cerebellum are not rewired until 5 to 7 years oldMajor restructuring occurs from ages 9 to 11 due to pubertal development and again in adolescenceWhat are these examples of?SENSITIVE PERIODS IN DEVELOPMENT
GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONSExpression of genetic influences = Malleable & responsive to social environmentGene-environment interaction (GxE) Behavioral genetics = A branch of genetics that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior. Lots of twin studiesMolecular genetics - Used to identify specific genes for childhood disorders. Long-term goal is to determine how genetic mutations alter how genes function.Genetic influences are probabilistic, not deterministicMost forms of abnormal behavior are polygenic
GENE–ENVIRONMENT CORRELATIONSWays that a person’s genes and their environment are systematically interrelatedThree types of gene-environment correlationsPassiveEvocativeActive
Example: Ken has very strong verbal abilities, and so do his parents. Maybe they contributed genes that are conducive to greater verbal ability. Or maybe……his parents, having very strong verbal abilities, read to him a lot and always have books lying around (passive)*…his teachers, noticing his very strong verbal abilities, consistently place him in honors and AP-level English classes (evocative) *…he, having very strong verbal abilities, seeks out books and other reading materials that challenge him (active)
Over time, active’s influence increases the most, evocative stays the same and passive’s influence decreases
NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONSNeurotransmitters make biochemical connectionsNeurons more sensitive to a particular neurotransmitter cluster together and form brain circuits*Neurotransmitters involved in psychopathology include serotonin, benzodiazepine-GABA, norepinephrine, and dopaminePsychoactive drugs are used in treatmen
See major neurotransmitters table
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Psychological perspectives have value in explaining the development of psychopathologyTransactions must be consideredEmotions play a role in establishing an infants ability to adapt to new surroundings*Behavioral and cognitive processes assist a young child in making sense of the world
EMOTIONAL INFLUENCESEmotions and affective expressionAre core elements of human psychological experienceAre a central feature of infant activity and regulation
Emotion reactivity and regulationEmotion reactivity: individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experienceEmotion regulation: enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal^ both important signals of normal and abnormal development
TEMPERAMENTShapes individual’s approach to their environment & vice versa3 primary dimensions (Rothbart)1.Positive affect and approach / ‘Surgency’2.Fearful or inhibited / ‘Effortful Control’3.Negative affect or irritability / ‘Negative affectivity’
Early infant temperament may be linked to psychopathology or risk conditionsHigh Self-regulation:*A good formula for healthy, normal adjustment
BEHAVIORAL & COGNITIVE INFLUENCESApplied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Four primary operant conditioning principles: Positive and negative reinforcement + positive and negative punishment Classical conditioningCognitive theorists how thought patterns develop over timeSocial-cognitive theoristsSocial cognition relates to how children think about themselves and others*Models & ‘latent learning’
Ex: OPERANT CONDITIONINGKimmy (age 5) is at Target with her dad and her sister, Lucy (age 3). She won’t stop shouting and knocking things off the shelves, and the trip has become frustrating and chaotic. Things Kimmy enjoys include playing with her iPad and eating carrot sticks; thankfully, her dad brought both things with him. She also loves when her dad gives her praise. She hates sitting in the cart. She also hates loud noises, which include her sister crying or her dad raising his voice (at her or anyone else). Assuming Kimmy’s father wants her to stop shouting and making a scene, does he want to reinforce or punish her shouting? What would positive and negative reinforcement look like? Positive and negative punishment
Bandura Social learning theory: Bobo dolls
INFANT-CAREGIVER ATTACHMENT
Attachment: the process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant individualsAn internal working model of relationships comes from a child’s initial crucial relationship
Strange situation task
Attachment styles: secure, resistant, avoidance, disorganized-disoriented
THE FAMILY AND PEER CONTEXTChild psychopathology research has increasingly focused on the role of:The family systemThe complex relationships within familiesThe reciprocal influences among various family subsystems*Subsystems receiving most attention involve roles of mother-child and the marital couple Less attention is given to roles of siblings and fathersFamily systems theorists argue that understanding or predicting the behavior of a particular family member cannot be done in isolation from other family members
How the family deals with typical and atypical stress ►crucial to a child’s adjustment and adaptationThe outcome of stressful events depends on:The nature and severity of stress; the level of family functioning prior to the stress; and the family’s coping skills and resources *Major family and individual issues interfere with consistent and predictable childcare and basic needs
FAMILY, SOCIAL, & CULTURAL PERSPECTIVESSocial and environmental contexts have large impact on developmentProximal (close by/recent) and distal (further removed) eventsShared environmentNon-shared environment
BRONFENBRENNER’S BIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY (see image)
StrengthsConceptualizes development as product of biological and environmental forces interacting within a complex systemWeaknessesSystems perspectives may never provide a coherent picture of development (“It depends”)Human development may be more predictable than bioecological model implies
(VÉLEZ-AGOSTO ET AL., 2017 Reconceptualization of Bronfenbrenner with culture moved from macrosystem to a factor that permeates all levelsof the ecological system)
