Theories

Question 1

Who developed General Systems Theory?

Answer 1

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Developed in 1940.

Question 2

What is the key concept of systems theory?

Answer 2

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 3

Define ‘System’ in the context of systems theory.

Answer 3

An entity that’s made up of interrelated/interdependent parts.

Question 4

What does ‘homeostasis’ refer to in systems theory?

Answer 4

The state of steady conditions within a system.

Question 5

True or False: Systems theory is an interdisciplinary study.

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

What is a ‘feedback loop’?

Answer 6

When the outputs of a system ultimately affect its inputs.

Question 7

Who is associated with Family Systems Theory?

Answer 7

Murray Bowen

Developed in the 1950s.

Question 8

What does Family Systems Theory emphasize?

Answer 8

Interactions between people in a family and the context(s) in which that family is embedded.

Question 9

Define ‘microsystem’ in ecological systems theory.

Answer 9

The system closest to the individual with direct interactions.

Question 10

What does the ‘exosystem’ refer to?

Answer 10

A setting in which the person is not an active participant but still affects them.

Question 11

Who developed the Person-In-Environment (PIE) Model?

Answer 11

Mary Richmond

Developed in 1917.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The Person-In-Environment theory emphasizes the importance of _______.

Answer 12

cultural competency.

Question 13

What are the five levels of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

Answer 13

• Microsystem
• Mesosystem
• Exosystem
• Macrosystem
• Chronosystem

Question 14

What does ‘adaptation’ mean in the context of PIE theory?

Answer 14

The act/process of changing oneself to meet environmental opportunities.

Question 15

Who are the founders of Attachment Theory?

Answer 15

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth

Developed in the 1930s.

Question 16

What is the ‘pre-attachment stage’?

Answer 16

From birth to 3 months, infants do not show any particular attachment.

Question 17

What is ‘disorganized attachment’?

Answer 17

Children display a confusing mix of behavior, seeming disoriented or dazed.

Question 18

True or False: Securely attached children tend to develop better self-esteem.

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

Define ‘social learning theory’.

Answer 19

The study of learned behaviors through observation, modeling, and imitation.

Question 20

What is ‘classical conditioning’?

Answer 20

Learning through association, where two stimuli are linked to produce a new response.

Question 21

What is the purpose of ‘aversion therapy’?

Answer 21

To reduce unwanted behavior by pairing it with an aversive stimulus.

Question 22

Fill in the blank: Operant conditioning uses _______ and punishment to modify behavior.

Answer 22

rewards.

Question 23

What does ‘extinction’ mean in behavior modification?

Answer 23

Stopping reinforcement of behavior to eliminate the response.

Question 24

What are the four attachment styles identified in children?

Answer 24

• Secure attachment
• Ambivalent attachment
• Avoidant attachment
• Disorganized attachment

Question 25

What is extinction in behavior modification?

Answer 25

Stopping reinforcement to eliminate unwanted behavior ## Footnote An example of extinction is the time-out process, where an individual is removed from a reinforcing situation.

Question 26

What does behavior modeling involve?

Answer 26

Learning through observation and modeling the behavior of others ## Footnote This technique allows individuals to learn new skills or acceptable behaviors by watching someone else.

Question 27

What are token economies?

Answer 27

A strategy where individuals earn tokens for preferred behaviors and lose tokens for undesirable behaviors ## Footnote Tokens can be exchanged for rewards such as candy or toys.

Question 28

Name a common issue addressed by social learning theory related to aggression.

Answer 28

Children learning aggressive behavior by observing adults ## Footnote This is demonstrated in the Bobo doll experiment.

Question 29

How does social learning theory explain criminal behavior?

Answer 29

Criminal behavior is theorized to be learned through societal attitudes and exposure to pro- or anti-crime ideologies ## Footnote Social workers may examine the influence of friends and family on criminal behavior.

Question 30

What is the focus of behaviorism?

Answer 30

All behaviors are acquired through conditioning via interaction with the environment ## Footnote Behaviorists believe actions are shaped by environmental stimuli.

Question 31

What is the goal of behavioral therapy?

Answer 31

To reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted ones ## Footnote Behavioral therapy is focused on teaching new behaviors to minimize or eliminate issues.

Question 32

What does applied behavioral analysis use to modify behavior?

Answer 32

Operant conditioning ## Footnote This approach shapes and modifies problematic behaviors.

Question 33

Define cognitive restructuring.

Answer 33

A technique to change the way people think, especially for stress management ## Footnote Involves identifying stress-inducing thoughts and replacing them with balanced thoughts.

Question 34

What are the stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory?

Answer 34

Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, Formal operational ## Footnote Each stage represents a different level of cognitive ability in children.

Question 35

What is Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development focused on?

Answer 35

How children develop morality and moral reasoning ## Footnote It includes six stages of moral development, emphasizing justice.

Question 36

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 36

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance ## Footnote It highlights the importance of social interaction in learning.

Question 37

What does social constructivism recognize?

Answer 37

Knowledge is embedded in social context ## Footnote Human thoughts and behaviors arise from interactions with the external world.

Question 38

What do social constructionists believe about societal norms?

Answer 38

They are socially created and not accurate reflections of reality ## Footnote Constructs like gender and race are viewed as inventions of society.

Question 39

True or False: Behavioral therapy is solely focused on cognitive processes.

Answer 39

False ## Footnote Behavioral therapy primarily addresses behaviors, while cognitive therapy focuses on thoughts.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: The __________ stage in Kohlberg's theory involves individuals judging actions based on social contracts and individual rights.

Answer 40

Social contract and individual rights ## Footnote This is Stage 5 of Kohlberg's moral development.