Theories

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

Mechanisms essential to the regulation of movement

Question 2

Motor control is an area of study dealing with ?

Answer 2

understanding several aspects of movement

Question 3

What are the aspects of movement ?

Answer 3

Neural (structure & function at neural level), Physical (body mass at muscular level), & Behavioral (Skill action)

Question 4

Cortical Reorganization current evidence

Answer 4

brain plasticity & reorganization

Question 5

Implications for plasticity during cortical organization is the development of?

Answer 5

motor skills

Question 6

What is motor learning ?

Answer 6

Acquisition of skilled movement as a result of practice

Question 7

Who was the first to discuss the problem of “degrees of freedom”

Answer 7

Nicholas Bernstein

Question 8

What is the meaning of degrees of freedom?

Answer 8

the number of independent elements or components of the system that need to be organized to produce a specific result

Question 9

what does kinematic redundancy mean?

Answer 9

There is no single solution to a given problem of motor control

Question 10

What does a motor control theory describe?

Answer 10

It describes the nervous system produces coordinated movement in order to successfully perform a variety of motor skills in a variety of environmental contexts

Question 11

Motor control theories is predominately what level of analysis?

Answer 11

behavioral level

Question 12

Motor control theories focuses on explaining ?

Answer 12

observed behavior (mostly at nervous and muscular)

Question 13

motor control theories does not specify what features of the control process?

Answer 13

neural level

Question 14

what are the four theories of motor control?

Answer 14

Reflex theory
Hierarchical theory
Motor programming theory
Dynamic systems theory

Question 15

who founded the reflex theory?

Answer 15

Sir Charles Sherrington (late 1800s/ early 1900s)

Question 16

Who proposed a feedback control system as a way for the CNS to control a limb’s motion. And what theory?

Answer 16

Sir Charles Sherrington

Reflex theory

Question 17

What 3 structures are required for a reflex ?

Answer 17

A receptor
A conducting nervous pathway
An effector

Question 18

what did Sir charles S believe about reflexes and movement ?

Answer 18

Reflexes were the building blocks of complex movements

Question 19

what are combined to produce actions for reflex theory

Answer 19

simple reflexes

Question 20

What is an important component of the reflex?

Answer 20

the receptor

Question 21

What input is vital to movement for reflex theory

Answer 21

SENSORY

Question 22

Who is the behind the hierarchical theory?

Answer 22

Hughlings Jackson

Question 23

What did H Jackson believe in the Hierarchical theory?

Answer 23

that the brain has higher, middle and lower areas .

Equated with hight association areas, motor cortex and spinal levels of motor function

Question 24

What was suggested when the reflex and Hierarchical theories were combined?

Answer 24

that motor control emerges from REFLEXES that are nested within HIERARCHICALLY organized levels of the nervous system.

Question 25

Reflexes are part of a hierarchy of motor control in which

Answer 25

Higher centers normally inhibit these lower reflex centers?

Question 26

During reflex/ Hierarchical the pathology of the brain may result in ?

Answer 26

the PERSIStENCE or REAPPEARANCE of these lower level reflexes.

Question 27

In the Reflex theory the use of what is of primary importance?

Answer 27

Peripheral feedback

Question 28

What is the primary importance in the motor programming model?

Answer 28

Central control.

Question 29

motor programming theory

Answer 29

there is a central memory representation that stores information needed to perform an action

Question 30

What are some evidence leading to concept of motor program

Answer 30

central pattern generator, deafferentation studies, reaction time studies, feedback processing studies

Question 31

Evidence for motor program theory led ?

Answer 31

the notion of the motor program to account for the diminished role of peripheral input and the apparent pre-planning for movement

Question 32

what circuits generate rhythmic locomotor patterns?

Answer 32

spinal circuits

Question 33

CPG control what

Answer 33

synergistic, rhythmic pattern of gait. | Generators are innate and built into the architecture of the spinal cord

Question 34

Intensity of the stimulus modulates?

Answer 34

Speed

Question 35

Control signal- modulated only in intensity - can activate

Answer 35

locomotion and cause changes in speed

Question 36

reaction time studies

Answer 36

initial reaction time was longer for tasks that were more complex . Processing time for reaction

Question 37

feedback processing studies

Answer 37

muscles were still firing after action was prevented. Brain is prepared to move; central processing for preparation to move

Question 38

What are the two problems with concept of motor program ?

Answer 38

storage problem and Novelty problem

Question 39

who was Richard SCHMIT ?

Answer 39

made a revision of motor program and called it general motor program

Question 40

General motor program is a representation of ?

Answer 40

a class of actions

Question 41

The General Motor program stores what in memory?

Answer 41

Only some broad features for a particular class of action

Question 42

During General motor program specific parameters are added for what?

Answer 42

to execute a particular motion

Question 43

2 types of movement for generalized motor program

Answer 43

Invariant features of movement and Parameter of the movement

Question 44

what are invariant features of movement ?

Answer 44

broad features. - Spatial order of the components - Relative force - Temporal structure or phasing

Question 45

What is temporal structure or phasing in invariant features of movement ?

Answer 45

Movement with the same order of contractions, and the same firing ratios have the same temporal structure and are assumed to be produced by the same motor program

Question 46

What is relative force in invariant features of movement ?

Answer 46

The relative force produced by each muscle remain proportional

Question 47

What is an example spatial order of components in invariant features of movement ?

Answer 47

signature. chalkboard vs paper

Question 48

What is movement parameters?

Answer 48

Overall duration Overall Force Specific Muscle Selection Movement Duration

Question 49

who created distributed model of control? (System theory)

Answer 49

N.Bernstien (1967)

Question 50

In the systems theory movements are ....

Answer 50

NOT peripherally or centrally driven

Question 51

In the system theory movements emerge as a result of?

Answer 51

interactions among many systems

Question 52

In the distributed model of control each part of the the system contributes to what?

Answer 52

different aspects of control

Question 53

what is the dynamic system theory ?

Answer 53

when a system of individual parts comes together its elements behave collectively in an ordered way

Question 54

During the dynamic system theory, complex system exhibit ?

Answer 54

a self-organizing principle

Question 55

During the dynamic system theory, control parameters act

Answer 55

to reorganize the system

Question 56

changes in gait speed, Motor programming vs dynamic systems?

Answer 56

Motor programming: running and walking different because relative timing is different Dynamic systems: control parameter, biomechanics properties related to velocity

Question 57

clinically what is the best way to learn an activity ?

Answer 57

Practice that activity