Theories Flashcards
What did Thomas Malthus argue within the classical sociology realm?
resources were finite and that overpopulation problems would lead to famine and disease
What did classical sociology not pay attention to?
Environmental problems
Social Ecology
preservation of wilderness and environmental problems are rooted in deep-seated social problems, such as social inequality
What was the suggested solution to social ecology?
get rid of private property, inequality and hierarchies and view all property and things as communal resources
What was the example of social ecology?
Brazil, where poverty lead to squatters in public lands which leads to deforestation
Ecological Marxism
capitalism needs to continuously expand, leads to saturation and overproduction, system collapses
What does ecological marxism criticize?
capitalism as exploitative of both human labor & environmental resources
Who developed the treadmill of production?
Allan Schnaiberg
What are the withdrawals of the treadmill of production?
Societies withdraw raw materials and turn them into things we use or sell
What are the additions of the treadmill of production?
We add waste back into the environment in the form of pollution and garbage
Ecofeminism
considers patriarchy or male dominance the cause of both the exploitation of women and the natural environment
What does ecofeminism emphasize on?
the distribution of environmental burdens are unequally distributed
What does ecofeminism recommend?
reducing inequality to achieve ecological balance
Ecological modernization is mostly optimistic and does not call for _______ _______ of system.
radical reform
People who believe in ecological modernization believes ________ is flexible enough to be “_____________”.
capitalism
sustainable
Ecological Modernizaiton suggests we need to become more ________ rather than going back to less ________ times.
industrial (x2)
Natural capitalism
radically increases productivity of resource use
What does natural capitalism shift to?
biological inspired production with less waste
Deep ecology
considers the Earth as valuable in and of itself, regardless of its use to humans
Shallow ecology
values environmental resources in terms of their usefulness to human beings
What are the 6 principles of deep ecology?
1) harmony with nature
2) species equality
3) awareness of limited resources & limited consumption
4) use environmental appropriate technologies
5) emphasis on recycling & reducing waste
6) recognition of human differences without elevating humans above other species
Who’s
works are neoliberal theories based on?
Adam Smith and the “invisible hand of the market”
“Invisible hand of the market” state?
everyday choices that people make to do well economically & further their self-interest will create an efficient, well-functioning society
What does neoliberal theories say about government and competition?
government should be minimized
competition will bring about efficiency & improvement & benefit everyone in the long run
