Theories and 4 pillars of ethics

Question 1

what is primitive consequtionalism

Answer 1

goes along the basis of.. - An action is good if its actual consequences is good
- An action is bad if its actual consequences are evil

Question 2

what did Jeremy Bentham come up with

Answer 2

he came up with.a modified version of consequentialism called mordern consequentialism

Question 3

what is modern consequentialism

Answer 3

does not rely to actual consequences but relies on intended consequences, you intended to do a good thing but your action is good regardless of the consequence

Question 4

what did John Stuart Mill come up with

Answer 4

utilisation

Question 5

describe utilisation

Answer 5

how do we know what makes an intended consequence an d intention good – criteria for what makes one intention good and one intention bad – an intended consequence is good if it maximises utility (utilisation)

Question 6

define categorical imperative

Answer 6

categorical imperative says that you have a moral duty to abide by a law if you are willing to universalise the law, you don’t have a moral duty to abide by a law that your not willing to universalise

Question 7

what is deontology

Answer 7

4. Deontology – beauty based theory – immunal kant, german philosopher, - criteria for what is good and what is bad is not about consequences but about principles, action is good if it is good in itself, provided a criteria – for example lying could have different consequences and different intentions, Kant said – if you would like all people to not lie then you have a moral criteria – matter of principle and things need to be a universal principle

Question 8

what did Kant come up with

Answer 8

Deontology

Categorical Imperative

Question 9

what is virtue theory

Answer 9

if you want to know what the right thing is to do look at the virtuous person and see what they are doing then do what they do – problem is what makes someone virtuous,

Question 10

what is casuistry theory

Answer 10

originally in catholic theory, which states if you want to know what the right thing is to do and you don’t know how to behave look for a similar case in what you already know what the right thing to do is, find a similar dilemma and draw from this to the case in question

Question 11

what is the 4 principle approach

Answer 11

• autonomy
• beneficence
• non-maleficent
• justice

Question 12

describe autonomy

Answer 12

• First principle is autonomy and respecting the autonomy of the patient

Question 13

describe beneficence

Answer 13

• Second principle is beneficence – (not be confused with benevolence,) it means being good if this is what the patient wants

Question 14

describe non-maleficence

Answer 14

• Third principle is non-maleficence – (different from do no harm), it means don’t do any harm that the patient wants you to do, if the patient wants you to harm them harm them

Question 15

describe the doctrine double effect

Answer 15

some actions have two consequences one good one bad, if the good effect outweighs the bad effect (how do we know?but presumpvely we can) and we only intended to have the good effect and had no intention of having the bad effect then the action is justified.

Question 16

what is the conclusion of philosophy

Answer 16

Philosophy does not give a criterion for justifying good and evil but can justify what we want to justify

Question 17

what are the three conditions that make informed consent legal

Answer 17

• patient has to have mental capacity
• must be fully informed
• patient has to be totally free and not coerced by anything

Question 18

what are the basis of compromise

Answer 18

• Conflict of interest
• Common ground
• Do what the powerful group does if gap too big but if gap is too narrow – result in decline of one party or both, correct amount of gap

Question 19

describe mental capacity

Answer 19

• the patient has to be competent and have mental capacity to make the informed consent, if patient has no mental capacity then cannot make consent – criteria would be if your over a certain age for example 18 and there is no reason to think you are not of sound mind and you have capacity – capacity is the ability to take responsibility of your choice, infer form age that people can take responsibility

Question 20

describe fully informed

Answer 20

• the patient must be fully informed, and possess all the information regarding their decision making – doctor has a duty to give the patient information, all information about risks about the intervention in question – in reality patients are not totally informed

Question 21

describe totally free

Answer 21

• patient has to be totally free – not coerced by anything this would invalidate your consent – any coercive intervention that occurs between doctor and patient and other person and patient that affects their decision would invalidate their consent, but if a patient can make a choice and received minimal information about the procedure then they are considered informed and if there is no obvious gun pointed to their head then they are not coerced