Theories and Models Flashcards

Question

Systems Models

Answer 1

McGill Model of Nursing Imogene N King Betty Neuman Dorothea Oren Callista Roy Martha Rogers

Answer 2

Systems Model Strength-based perspective Four major concepts: health, family/person, collaboration, learning

Answer 3

Systems Model Goal Attainment

Answer 4

Systems Model Systems and Stress Guide the actions of the professional caregiver through the assessment and intervention processed by focusing on two major components > Relationship between nurse and patient > Relationship between patient and patient response to stressors

Answer 5

Systems Theory Self Care

Answer 6

Systems Theory Adaptation Describes humans as living adaptive systems with two coping mechanisms: the regulator and the cognator

Answer 7

Systems Theory Main Concept: energy fields as open systems

Answer 8

Important in understanding the manifestations of mental disorders and caring for people with these illnesses. Importance is growing, as knowledge of the brain grows.

Answer 9

Explain human development processes especially in early childhood, and their effects on thought and behaviour 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Jung 3. Adler 4. Horney

Answer 10

- Study of the unconscious: awareness of events - Personality and its development: id (unconscious), ego (logic), and superego (moral) - Object relations and identification: the psychological attachment to persons/objects - Anxiety and defence mechanisms: a specific state of unpleasantness accompanied by motor discharge along definite pathways - Sexuality: libido; resides in the id - Psychoanalysis: therapeutic process of assessing the unconscious and with the mature adult mind resolving the conflicts that originated in childhood. - Transference and countertransference

Answer 11

Neofreudian Model Focused on social aspects of human existence Motivating force in human life is striving for superiority Avoiding inferiority complex

Answer 12

Neofreudian Model Humans were not only influenced not only by their past but also by their hopes and futures Two psychological types  Extrovert: finds meaning in the world  Introvert: finds meaning within

Answer 13

Neofreudian Model Primary concept was that of basic anxiety

Answer 14

1. Rogers 2. Gestalt 3. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 15

Humanistic client-centred theory Empathy; unconditional positive regard

Answer 16

Humanistic modern civilization inevitably produces neurotic anxiety because it forces people to repress natural desires Exercises aimed to enhance a person’s awareness of emotions, physical state, and repressed needs as well as physical and psychological stimuli in the here-and-now environment

Answer 17

Humanistic  Physiological and survival  Safety and security  Love and belonging  Esteem  Self-actualization

Answer 18

2 Types 1. Early Stimulus-Response - Pavlov - Watson 2. Reinforcement - Thorndike - Skinner

Answer 19

Early Stimulus Response Behavioural Theory unconditioned stimulus (not dependent on previous training) that elicits an unconditioned (i.e., specific) response Classical conditioning: if the conditioned stimulus was repeatedly presented before the meat, eventually salivation was elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 20

Early Stimulus Response Behavioural Theory  Frequency: the more often a given response is made to a given stimulus, the more likely the response to that stimulus will be repeated  Recency: the more recently a given response to a particular stimulus is made, the more likely it will be repeated

Answer 21

Reinforcement Behavioural Theory o Tried to determine whether animals solved problems by reasoning or instinct o Stamping-in: gradually learning correct response via stimulus-response connection o Believed in the importance of the effects that followed the response or the reinforcement of the behaviour

Answer 22

Reinforcement Behavioural Theory classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning Respondent behaviour: end result of classical conditioning; elicited by specific stimulus  Given the stimulus the response occurs automatically Operant behaviour: distinctive characteristic is the consequence of a particular behavioural response not a specific stimulus  Example: child learns to clean up his toys in his play area because he gets a reward, like a piece of candy, from his parents. The reward reinforces the child's behavior and makes it more likely that he will clean up the toys in the future, thus, creating positive behavior.

Answer 23

Bandura Aaron Beck

Answer 24

Social cognitive theory o modelling: pervasive imitation o self-efficacy: person’s sense of their ability to deal effectively with the environment which he develops in his work o elicitation: no desire present, but when one person starts an activity, others want to do the same

Answer 25

Cognitive Theory Thinking and feeling o Depressed people had faulty information-processing systems that led to biased cognitions causing errors in judgement that become habitual errors in thinking

Answer 26

1. erikson: psychosocial 2. piaget: learning 3. gilligan: gender differentiation

Answer 27

Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Health Care Applicability of Sociocultural Theories to PMH Nursing o Used concepts from anthropology and nursing (from such theorists as Henderson [1966], Rogers [1970], and Watson [1979]) to depict universal and diverse dimensions of human caring o Directed toward holistic, congruent, and beneficent care.

Answer 28

1. Frankl's Logotherapy 2. Yalom's Existential

Answer 29

Spiritual Theory Logotherapy o Focused on helping a person find meaning in life o based on the assumptions of freedom of will, will to meaning, and meaning of life

Answer 30

Spiritual Theory Existential Psychotherapy o Considers central life concerns as death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness