Theories and Pioneers in Developmental Psychology Flashcards

Question

Criticisms to Freud

Answer 1

Was influenced by the Freuds Although he believed in the idea that the unconscious influences behavior, he thought that Freud placed too much emphasis on biological and sexual processes driving behavior and not enough on the social and cultural influences Identifies maturation across the entire lifespan Uses the term “crisis” rather than “conflict”

Answer 2

1) Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust 2) Early Childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt 3) Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt 4) Middle Childhood: Industry vs. Inferiority 5) Adolescence: Identity vs. Identity Confusion 6) Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation 7) Middle Age: Generativity vs. Stagnation 8) Old Age: Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 3

Want the infant to connect with the environment (nourishment and basic care/affection are critical to the development of trust in the mother and the larger world.) Social Agent: Maternal Crisis: develops fundamental mistrust, which can lead to a negative view of the world. The infant becomes fearful of the environment and weary of others.

Answer 4

Want the child to develop the ability to make choices, be taught how to regulate behavior Social Agent: Parents or adult substitutes Crisis: self-doubt Success: feeling of confidence and competency

Answer 5

Add initiative, planning, and division-making. Children now have time away from their primary caretakers and have more engagement with their environment. The development of language allows children to communicate their feelings and wants Potential for developing more skills, children are not only imitating but are actually actively engaging and observing others Encouragement to engage allows for initiative Social Agent: Parents, family, friends Crisis: overprotectiveness undermines initiative

Answer 6

Task: Become absorbed in the development and implementation of skills; To master the basics of technology and become productive Social Agent: School Crisis: children see that they are developing slower than their peers: which triggers a sense of inferiority or worthlessness

Answer 7

Task: Associate one’s skills and social roles with career goals Social Agent: Peers, Internet, SM Failure: lead to insecurity and confusion, this carries onto future stages

Answer 8

Largely depends on the success of the previous stage (Identity vs. Identity Confusion) Marker for Intimacy: ability to open up, interpersonal boundary Task: form enduring intimate relationships, commit oneself to another person, and engage in mature sexual love. Crisis: experience of loneliness, emotional isolation, and difficulty forming close relationships

Answer 9

Task: Feeling useful (productive member of society), producing something worthy (creative, sense of contribution). Provide guidance to the younger generation. Social Agent: Family, Society

Answer 10

Task: achieve wisdom and dignity in the decline of physical/mental abilities accepting the time and place of one’s own lifecycle (sense of peace with the life that we have lived) Crisis: Ego Despair (far more likely to occur if we have regret (ruptures in relationships, having things that were unsaid) Social Agent: all humans

Answer 11

a period of frequent change and exploration in areas of love, work, and worldviews. This period is especially unpredictable and people have a wide range of roles.

Answer 12

Acknowledges that cultural/social changes have altered the stages that Erikson had created a long time ago.

Answer 13

Psychologists have already acknowledged that development is continuous and that identity is something that people reckon with throughout their entire lives. Therefore, there isn’t a need for a new stage. Development is also nonlinear and reversible.

Answer 14

1) Parenting 2) Education 3) Psychotherapy 4) Healthcare

Answer 15

Proposes that children do not think like adults and have a very distinct way of processing and undersanding the world around them (different logic) The first psychologist to systematically investigate the cognitive development of children as they mature Took a very biological approach For him, biology sets the foundation for cognitive development. As a child matures, the way they navigate through the stages is based on biological capabilities

Answer 16

Piaget believed that physical maturation which occurs in the child is based on biologically determined changes. Sees this process as being relatively independent of specific experiences Doesn’t see the interplay between biology and the environment Ex. A child must reach a certain minimum level of biological development to be able to name an object (cognitive maturation)

Answer 17

1) Sensorimotor 2) Preoperational 3) Concrete Operational 4) Formal Operational

Answer 18

Major Features: infants use their bodies to form cognitive structures Developmental task: coordination of sensory and motor activity Main achievement: Object permanence

Answer 19

when the child understands that an object still exists even if its hidden or can’t be seen

Answer 20

An explosion of language: This stage coincides with the rapid transformation that comes with language acquisition, especially near the later parts of this stage. Young children are able to think about things symbolically Major Features: use of symbols, rapid language growth Egocentric: children understand and think about things from only their perspective

Answer 21

Important turning point in cognitive development of children Start to see logical/operational thought that develops during this stage: child can start to work things out in their head; imagine scenarios; planning Conservation

Answer 22

children recognize that something status the same in quantity even though it’s appearance might change

Answer 23

Ability to think abstractly and to logically test hypotheses Logical tasks that require a person to draw conclusions based on abstract, hypothetical reasoning rather than on direct personal experience are an example of when differences recorded may reflect variationsin culture more so than underlying cognitive capabilities

Answer 24

Innate blueprints that enable us to organize and adapt to our world (basic building blocks). They are a systematic pattern of thought, actions, and strategies that help an individual deal with intellectual challenges

Answer 25

This process occurs when an infant uses an existing scheme to interpret and respond to a new experience Ex. Babies learn to suck on a bottle due to a previous experience with breatfeeding (they are assimilating)

Answer 26

This process occurs when a child changes existing ways of thinking when faced with a new situation. They learnt that an old scheme is not working and change them accordingly Ex. Language Acquisition

Answer 27

A child may have called everything with 4 legs a dog. However, they learn that a cow is actually a cow and not a dog. They accommodate their previous scheme.

Answer 28

The process reflected when schemes are deepened/broadened by assimilation and they are stretched/modified by accommodation

Answer 29

Not everyone achieves the final stage of cognitive development His stage theory doesn’t take into account how a child’s performance on 2 logically similar tasks can be very different Since his research is so biologically based, he failed to take into account the role of social setting and culture Sees biology and nurture are separate things for children (the type of environment you’re in can impact your biological development)

Answer 30

identifies the significant role that environment and culture play in how children develop cognitively sets the foundation for the sociocultural theory of cognitive development Viewed cognitive development as a social process where children learn from experienced adults (elders) Believes that individual development can’t be understood without a social/cultural context. Learning results from the interaction between biological processes and sociocultural interactions. (more similar to what we know about nature and nurture today/interplay between nature and nurture) Socializing agents are critically parents and other adults who are in positions to guide and instruct children (teachers, older siblings) Concerned with the transmission of information and cognitive skills from generation to generation (the role that older adults play in terms of guiding or facilitating the development of children)

Answer 31

The range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled. Higher mental abilities can only develop through interaction with more advanced others