Theories Final

Question 1

Define agenda setting

Answer 1

suggests that the communications media, through their ability to identify and publicize issues
play a pivotal role in shaping the problems that attract attention from governments and international organizations
direct public opinion toward specific issues

Question 2

factors of news value

Answer 2

• organizational
• genre-related
• social-cultured

Question 3

four components of genre analysis

Answer 3

• multimodal
• multidisciplinary
• multidimensional
• multimethodigical

Question 4

multimodal

Answer 4

providing an analytical and explanatory framework across semiotic modes and media and thus across communication technologies

Question 5

multidisciplinary

Answer 5

traditions of rhetoric and television studies, information science, and many other disciplines

Question 6

multidimensional

Answer 6

incorporating many perspectives on situation, mediated, and motivated communicative interaction

Question 7

multimethodigical

Answer 7

yielding to multiple empirical, interpretive approaches

Question 8

propaganda techniques

Answer 8

glittering generalities, card stacking, name calling, bandwagon, plain folks, testimonial, transfer

Question 9

glittering generalities

Answer 9

• necessary to connect to object/person to symbol/emotion people already know or feel strongly about
• symbols must be rich in emotional meaning
• meant to make the propaganda object more appealing that it really is

Question 10

card stacking

Answer 10

• distorts fact/omits facts by using subtle concealed suggestions
• most used in advertising

Question 11

name calling

Answer 11

• complete opposite of glittering generalities but make it repulsive
• most often used in political advertising

Question 12

bandwagon

Answer 12

• “fits into the herd” mentality (everyone wants to fit in)

Question 13

plain folks

Answer 13

ordinary people rather than celebrities for promotion (meant to be relatable)

Question 14

testimonial

Answer 14

• propaganda disguised an explanation
• employed by those already in power (celebrities)

Question 15

transfer

Answer 15

• advertisers use symbols or the things on which we have strong beliefs such as national flag, religious beliefs, and influential personalities to accept his idea by relating to it
• projects either a positive or negative quality or qualities onto a person, ideology, or object
• then, others use that to their own

Question 16

how american culture has influenced international culture

Answer 16

cultivation theory
- holds that TV among modern media has acquired a central place in daily life that it dominates our “symbolic environment” substituting its distorted message about reality for person experience in other means of knowing about the world

Question 17

how social media has influenced society since its inception

Answer 17

its almost impossible to separate the message from the messenger. number of origination points has grown since the advent of the internet

Question 18

define individual response in terms of media theory

Answer 18

• liquidity
• mobility
• lack of specialization/compartmentalization

Question 19

structures of media organization

Answer 19

• technology
• environmental
• structural change
• social forces

Question 20

name 1 of 5 hypothesis and be able to define that underpin all research into media content

Answer 20

• media workers
• professional conventions, rituals, and routines an organizations culture
• economic, political, and cultural factors
• the social system where it operates (technology drives all of these)

Question 21

define ‘nobody knows’ principle

Answer 21

demand uncertainty exists because the consumers’ reaction to a product are neither known beforehand, nor easily understand afterward

Question 22

convergence cultural theory

Answer 22

• participation of audiences in production, the blurring of the line, between professionals and amateurs, and the breakdown of the line between producer and consumer
• all within the context of converging and integrating media industries

Question 23

pluralistic theory

Answer 23

diversity of organizations and possibilities for access will ensure an adequate mix of opportunity for official voices of society and for critical and alternative views

Question 24

define advertiser influence

Answer 24

advertisers have a strong influence, which is generally ethically opposed, especially in news

Question 25

areas that are studied under Marxist theory

Answer 25

- news and actuality - advertising - violence in media

Question 26

objectivity

Answer 26

- purely western media concept - often mistaken for factuality - idea of what is more important to you? objectivity or factuality?

Question 27

content diversity

Answer 27

3 main features of content - wide range of choices for audiences, on all conceivable dimensions, of interest and preference - many and different opportunities for access by voices and sources in society - true or sufficient reflection in media of the varied reality of experience in society

Question 28

different methods of multiplatform storytelling

Answer 28

- multimedia - crossmedia - transmedia

Question 29

multimedia

Answer 29

a single story told in multiple different formats on a single platform

Question 30

crossmedia

Answer 30

a story or related group of stories that diverge into multiple different platforms

Question 31

transmedia

Answer 31

the story develops across multiple media platforms, but allow the participants to help direct its outcome

Question 32

different types of television genre

Answer 32

- narrative - characterization - patterns - settings - iconography - techniques - tone, mood and mode - audience relationships

Question 33

different types of people that comprise of an audience

Answer 33

- people assembled - people addressed - the audience as happening - the audience as participants

Question 34

three main traditions of audience research

Answer 34

- structural - behavioral - socio-cultural

Question 35

medium audience

Answer 35

the third version of the audience concept is the one that identifies it by the choice of a particular type of medium as the television audience or the cinema going public

Question 36

gratification audience

Answer 36

chosen to refer to multiple possibilities for audiences to form and reform based on some media-related interest, needs, or preference

Question 37

define media effects

Answer 37

the deliberative and non-deliberative (conscious or unconscious), short or long term within person changes in cognitions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior that result from media use

Question 38

define spiral of silence

Answer 38

concept that describes one version of the third party effect in opinion formation; the tendency for people to be influenced in what they think (or say they do) or by what they think of people think

Question 39

assumptions of spiral of silence

Answer 39

- society threatens deviant individuals with isolation - individuals experience fear of isolation continuously - the fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times - the results of this estimate affect their behavior in public, especially their willingness or not to express opinions openly

Question 40

essay question: what makes an audience and how are they categorizes within theory. and how are audience reflected in traditions in research and the groups in that study.

Answer 40

Audiences are a product of social, cultural and geographical content. The catergories of audience within theory is by place, people, the type of medium or channel, message content, and time. The soul reason of research is convey what a researchers has learned and showcase it to an audience. The type of audience that a researchers is targeting their research all depends on the traditions and groups.

Question 41

essay question: name and describe the three theories that are associated with media violence research

Answer 41

Social learning theory, priming effects, and script theory. Social learning theory is when children learn from media models what behaviors will be rewarded and what is punished. Priming effects are when people view violence, it activates or 'primes' other related thoughts and evaluations, leading to a greater predisposition to use violence. Script theory is when social behavior is controlled by 'scripts' that indicate how to respond to events. Violence on television (and in film and digital games) is encoded in such a way as to lead to violence, as a result of aggressive scripts.

Question 42

essay question: define two propaganda techniques and relate them with two example from the media bias chart. Explain who these two sources use these techniques to sway their audience.

Answer 42

Two propaganda techniques are testimonial and bandwagon. Testimonial is propaganda disguised as explanation, employed by those already in power. Bandwagon is when propagandist exploits a "fit into the herd" mentality. Some examples from the media bias chart are Fox News and CNN. They use their two examples by brining popular political figures that try to sway an audience to a certain belief or vote (testimonial) and by talking ill on another political group, making audiences believe that those of an opposite groups wrong and in turn, make audiences believe that if they align with those beliefs then they are wrong.